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Volume 19
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Article

Self-Reported Computer Vision Syndrome among Thai University Students in Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors

by
Kampanat Wangsan
1,
Phit Upaphong
2,*,
Pheerasak Assavanopakun
1,
Ratana Sapbamrer
1,
Wachiranun Sirikul
1,
Amornphat Kitro
1,
Naphasorn Sirimaharaj
3,
Sawita Kuanprasert
3,
Maneekarn Saenpo
3,
Suchada Saetiao
3 and
Thitichaya Khamphichai
3
1
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
2
Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
3
Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 3996; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073996
Submission received: 23 February 2022 / Revised: 23 March 2022 / Accepted: 25 March 2022 / Published: 28 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 2nd Edition: Determinants of Risk-Taking Behaviour in Young People: Implications for Innovative Interventions)
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Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, computer vision syndrome (CVS) related to online classrooms were unavoidable. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the prevalence, characteristics and associated factors of CVS. A total of 527 students who were currently studying in a virtual classroom (70.40% female, mean (standard deviation; SD) age of 20.04 (2.17) years) were included. The prevalence of CVS assessed by an online CVS-Questionnaire was 81.0% (427/527). Comparing with those in the period before the online study, an increase in screen time (interquartile range) in students with and without CVS was 3 (0–3) and 2 (1–5) h, respectively. Overall, 516 students (97.9%) experienced at least one symptom. The most frequent symptom in CVS subjects was eye pain (96.5%). The most intense symptoms were the feeling of worsening eyesight (15.9%). The factors associated with CVS were female (p < 0.001), age (p = 0.010), atopic diseases (p = 0.020), prior ocular symptoms (p < 0.001), astigmatism (p = 0.033), distance from display <20 cm (p = 0.023), presence of glare or reflection on screen (p < 0.001), low screen brightness (p = 0.045), sleep duration (p = 0.030), inadequate break time between classes (p < 0.001) and increased screen time usage during online study (p < 0.001). Recommendations to prevent CVS based on the adjustable factors might reduce the burden of online study.
Keywords: computer vison syndrome; COVID-19 impact; digital eye strain; digital screen; online study; video display terminal; visual display terminal; virtual classroom computer vison syndrome; COVID-19 impact; digital eye strain; digital screen; online study; video display terminal; visual display terminal; virtual classroom

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Wangsan, K.; Upaphong, P.; Assavanopakun, P.; Sapbamrer, R.; Sirikul, W.; Kitro, A.; Sirimaharaj, N.; Kuanprasert, S.; Saenpo, M.; Saetiao, S.; et al. Self-Reported Computer Vision Syndrome among Thai University Students in Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073996

AMA Style

Wangsan K, Upaphong P, Assavanopakun P, Sapbamrer R, Sirikul W, Kitro A, Sirimaharaj N, Kuanprasert S, Saenpo M, Saetiao S, et al. Self-Reported Computer Vision Syndrome among Thai University Students in Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(7):3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073996

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wangsan, Kampanat, Phit Upaphong, Pheerasak Assavanopakun, Ratana Sapbamrer, Wachiranun Sirikul, Amornphat Kitro, Naphasorn Sirimaharaj, Sawita Kuanprasert, Maneekarn Saenpo, Suchada Saetiao, and et al. 2022. "Self-Reported Computer Vision Syndrome among Thai University Students in Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7: 3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073996

APA Style

Wangsan, K., Upaphong, P., Assavanopakun, P., Sapbamrer, R., Sirikul, W., Kitro, A., Sirimaharaj, N., Kuanprasert, S., Saenpo, M., Saetiao, S., & Khamphichai, T. (2022). Self-Reported Computer Vision Syndrome among Thai University Students in Virtual Classrooms during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Prevalence and Associated Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(7), 3996. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073996

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