The COVID-19 Pandemic and Levels of Physical Activity in the Last Trimester, Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress in Late Pregnancy and in the Early Puerperium
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physical Activity
3.2. Levels of Life Satisfaction and Stress in Women
3.3. Levels of Physical Activity and Life Satisfaction
3.4. Physical Activity and the Level of Perceived Stress
3.5. Level of Physical Activity—Multivariable Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Prepandemic Group (N = 252) | COVID 1 Group (N = 262) | COVID 2 Group (N = 226) | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age [Me (Q1; Q3)] | 31.0 (27.8; 33.3) | 31.0 (28.3; 34.0) | 31.0 (28.0; 33.8) | 0.110 |
Marital status [n/%] | 0.079 | |||
Single | 9/3.6 | 9/3.4 | 5/2.2 | |
A partnership | 41/16.3 | 27/10.3 | 20/8.8 | |
Married | 202/80.1 | 226/86.3 | 201/88.9 | |
Place of residence [n/%] | 0.330 | |||
Village | 59/23.4 | 72/27.5 | 54/23.9 | |
City < 100,000 | 25/9.9 | 26/9.9 | 33/14.6 | |
City > 100,000 | 168/66.7 | 164/62.6 | 139/61.5 | |
Education [n/%] | 0.359 | |||
Primary/vocational/secondary | 48/19.1 | 61/23.3 | 42/18.6 | |
University | 203/80.9 | 201/76.7 | 184/81.4 | |
Type of delivery [n/%] | 0.105 | |||
Vaginal delivery | 149/63.7 | 152/58 | 122/54.0 | |
Cesarean section | 85/36.3 | 110/42 | 104/46.0 | |
Number of deliveries [n/%] | 0.020 | |||
Primiparous | 137/54.4 | 111/42.4 | 115/50.9 | |
Multiparous | 115/45.6 | 151/57.6 | 111/49.1 | |
Number of pregnancies [Me (Q1; Q3)] | 1 (1; 2) a,# | 2 (1; 3) a,# | 2 (1; 2) | 0.002 |
Planning the current pregnancy [n/%] Yes | 192/76.2 | 218/83.2 | 185/81.9 | 0.108 |
Complications in pregnancy [n/%] Yes | 44/19 | 35/13.4 | 43/19 | 0.152 |
Delivery at term [n/%] Yes | 140/59.8 | 162/61.8 | 126/55.8 | 0.386 |
Prepandemic Group | COVID 1 Group | COVID 2 Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Physical Activity [MET-h/Week] | (N = 220 &) Me (Q1; Q3) | (N = 244 &) Me (Q1; Q3) | (N = 223 &) Me (Q1; Q3) | p * |
Total physical activity | 170.7 (114.1; 234.6) b,# | 150.8 (103.0; 229.5) | 146.5 (95.1; 202.6) b,# | 0.007 |
Sports activity and physical exercise | 3.2 (0.9; 11.0) | 4.5 (1.6; 12.1) | 3.9 (1.6; 10.8) | 0.206 |
Passive rest | 20.4 (12.8; 41.0) | 17.8 (8.9; 35.7) | 20.0 (8.9; 34.5) | 0.106 |
Movement | 14.0 (6.7; 26.1) a,# | 8.8 (3.4; 18.8) a,c,# | 12.6 (5.3; 22.6) c,# | <0.001 |
Household activities | 93.5 (57.8; 141.5) b,# | 95.9 (46.8; 154.0) c,# | 71.1 (34.7; 132.3) b,c,# | 0.001 |
Occupational activity | 57.8 (23.2; 76.9) | 52.9 (22.4; 78.2) | 67.1 (32.5; 74.3) | 0.979 |
Lp | Physical Activity | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Total physical activity | 1.000 | |||||
2 | Sports activity and physical exercise | 0.244 *** | 1.000 | ||||
3 | Passive rest | 0.118 ** | 0.081 * | 1.000 | |||
4 | Movement | 0.497 *** | 0.210 *** | 0.096 * | 1.000 | ||
5 | Household activities | 0.786 *** | 0.107 ** | −0.261 *** | 0.278 *** | 1.000 | |
6 | Occupational activity | 0.584 *** | 0.040 | 0.230 ** | 0.207 ** | −0.005 | 1.000 |
Parameters | Prepandemic Group | COVID 1 Group | COVID 2 Group | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 252) | (N = 262) | (N = 226) | ||
SWLS [Me (Q1; Q3)] | 26.0 (23.0; 29.0) | 26.0 (23.0; 29.0) | 25.0 (22.0; 28.0) | 0.625 |
SWLS [n/%] | 0.571 | |||
Low | 16/6.6 | 8/3.3 | 12/5.4 | |
Moderate | 66/27.2 | 65/26.7 | 60/27.1 | |
High | 161/66.3 | 170/70.0 | 149/67.4 | |
Stress [Me (Q1; Q3)] | 18.0 (13.0; 22.0) | 17.0 (13.0; 22.0) | 17.0 (13.0; 22.0) | 0.974 |
Stress [n/%] | 0.902 | |||
Low | 68/27.9 | 70/29.3 | 58/26.6 | |
Moderate | 81/33.2 | 85/35.6 | 78/35.8 | |
High | 95/38.9 | 84/35.1 | 82/37.6 |
Group | Prepandemic Group | COVID 1 Group | COVID 2 Group | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank |
SWLS vs. PSS-10 | <0.001 | −0.420 | <0.001 | −0.385 | <0.001 | −0.331 |
Satisfaction of Life | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Prepandemic Group | COVID 1 Group | COVID 2 Group | |||
Parameters | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank |
Total physical activity | 0.480 | 0.048 | 0.601 | −0.035 | 0.291 | −0.072 |
Sports activity and physical exercise | 0.177 | 0.092 | 0.174 | 0.091 | 0.333 | 0.066 |
Passive rest | 0.024 | −0.153 | 0.114 | −0.105 | 0.400 | −0.057 |
Movement | 0.747 | −0.022 | 0.663 | −0.029 | 0.340 | −0.065 |
Household activities | 0.247 | 0.079 | 0.493 | −0.046 | 0.252 | −0.078 |
Occupational activity | 0.261 | 0.076 | 0.129 | 0.052 | 0.590 | 0.037 |
Level of Perceived Stress | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group | Prepandemic Group | COVID 1 Group | COVID 2 Group | |||
Parameters | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank | p | Spearman’s Rank |
Total physical activity | 0.469 | 0.049 | 0.060 | 0.126 | 0.943 | −0.005 |
Sports activity and physical exercise | 0.048 | −0.134 | 0.059 | −0.127 | 0.317 | −0.068 |
Passive rest | 0.322 | 0.067 | 0.660 | −0.030 | 0.996 | 0.000 |
Movement | 0.580 | 0.038 | 0.287 | 0.072 | 0.837 | −0.014 |
Household activities | 0.966 | 0.003 | 0.026 | 0.149 | 0.371 | 0.061 |
Occupational activity | 0.823 | 0.015 | 0.325 | −0.066 | 0.123 | −0.105 |
Variable | Compared Categories | Total Physical Activity [MET-h/Week] | Sports Activity and Physical Exercise [MET-h/week] | Passive Rest [MET-h/Week] | Movement [MET-h/Week] | Household Activities [MET-h/Week] | Occupational Activity [MET-h/Week] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | ||
Group | COVID 1 vs. Prepandemic | ||||||
Model 1 # | −19.1 (−36.8; −1.4) *** | 0.7 (−1.3; 2.6) | −3.2 (−7.1; 0.7) | −5.5 (−9.3; −1.7) * | −7.1 (−21.0; 6.8) | −1.4 (−19.4; 16.6) | |
Model 2 ## | −21.0 (−38.1; −3.9) *** | 1.1 (−0.8; 3.0) | −0.9 (−4.5; 2.8) | −5.2 (−9.0; −1.4) * | −14.6 (−26.9; −2.3) *** | 4.0 (−14.0; 21.9) | |
Model 3 ### | −17.7 (−35.2; −0.3) *** | 1.1 (−0.9; 3.1) | 0.1 (−3.5; 3.7) | −4.3 (−8.2; −0.5) *** | −14.4 (−27.1; −1.8) *** | 2.4 (−16.4; 21.2) | |
COVID 2 vs. Prepandemic | |||||||
Model 1 # | −32.9 (−50.7; −15.1) *** | 0.6 (−1.4; 2.5) | −4.1 (−8.1; −0.2) *** | −2.6 (−6.4; 1.2) | −24.3 (−38.3; −10.3) *** | −5.4 (−22.8; 12.1) | |
Model 2 ## | −29.4 (−46.6; −12.1) *** | 0.7 (−1.2; 2.7) | −3.0 (−6.6; 0.7) | −2.1 (−5.9; 1.7) | −24.6 (−37.1; −12.2) *** | −0.8 (−18.3; 16.6) | |
Model 3 ### | −26.1 (−43.7; −8.5) * | 0.6 (−1.4; 2.6) | −2.0 (−5.7; 1.7) | −1.1 (−4.9; 2.8) | −24.1 (−36.8; −11.4) *** | −0.9 (−19.2; 17.4) | |
SWLS | per 1 unit | ||||||
Model 1 # | 0.5 (−1.2; 2.2) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | −0.6 (−1.0; −0.3) *** | 0.1 (−0.2; 0.5) | 0.4 (−0.9; 1.7) | −0.1 (−1.9; 1.8) | |
Model 2 ## | 1.0 (−0.7; 2.6) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | −0.6 (−0.9; −0.2) * | 0.2 (−0.2; 0.5) | 0.5 (−0.7; 1.7) | 0.0 (−1.8; 1.9) | |
Model 3 ### | 1.1 (−0.6; 2.8) | 0.1 (0.0; 0.3) | −0.6 (−0.9; −0.2) * | 0.3 (−0.1; 0.6) | 0.5 −0.7; 1.7) | 0.5 (−1.5; 2.4) | |
Stress | per 1 unit | ||||||
Model 1 # | 1.3 (0.1; 2.5) *** | −0.1 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.0 (−0.3; 0.3) | 0.2 (0.0; 0.5) | 1.1 (0.2; 2.1) *** | 0.1 (−1.1; 1.4) | |
Model 2 ## | 1.1 (−0.1; 2.3) | 0.0 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1; 0.4) | 0.2 (0.0; 0.5) | 0.6 (−0.2; 1.4) | 0.2 (−1.0; 1.4) | |
Model 3 ### | 1.1 (0.0; 2.3) | 0.0 (−0.2; 0.1) | 0.2 (−0.1; 0.4) | 0.3 (0.0; 0.5) *** | 0.5 (−0.3; 1.4) | 0.5 (−0.8; 1.8) | |
Marital status | Unmarried vs. Married | ||||||
Model 1 # | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Model 2 ## | 49.3 (29.1; 69.6) *** | 0.4 (−1.9; 2.7) | 7.8 (3.5; 12.1) *** | 7.4 (2.9; 11.9) * | 14.9 (0.3; 29.6) *** | 23.4 (5.9; 40.9) * | |
Model 3 ### | 42.4 (20.3; 64.6) *** | 0.8 (−1.8; 3.3) | 4.6 (0.0; 9.2) * | 7.7 (2.9; 12.6) * | 11.7 (−4.3; 27.7) | 15.6 (−4.1; 35.3) | |
Place of residence | City < 100,000 vs. City > 100,000 | ||||||
Model 1 # | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Model 2 ## | 22.3 (−0.5; 45.1) | −2.1 (−4.7; 0.5) | −3.9 (−8.8; 1.0) | 2.7 (−2.3; 7.8) | 19.9 (3.5; 36.3) *** | 5.4 (−15.9; 26.6) | |
Model 3 ### | 16.7 (−6.7; 40.1) | −2.2 (−4.9; 0.4) | −4.9 (−9.8; −0.1) *** | 1.7 (−3.4; 6.9) | 17.8 (0.9; 34.7) *** | 1.7 (−21.0; 24.3) | |
Village vs. City > 100,000 | |||||||
Model 1 # | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Model 2 ## | 6.3 (−10.1; 22.6) | −2.9 (−4.8; −1.1) * | −5.4 (−8.9; −1.9) * | 0.3 (−3.3; 3.9) | 18.2 (6.4; 30.0) * | −11.6 (−29.3; 6.2) | |
Model 3 ### | 1.3 (−15.7; 18.4) | −2.9 (−4.8; −0.9) * | −5.8 (−9.4; −2.3) * | −1.2 (−5.0; 2.5) | 14.3 (2.0; 26.6) *** | −11.4 (−29.8; 7.1) | |
Number of deliveries | Multiparous vs. Primiparous | ||||||
Model 1 # | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Model 2 ## | 48.2 (33.9; 62.5) *** | −2.6 (−4.2; −1.0)* | −14.4 (−17.4; −11.3) *** | 1.3 (−1.9; 4.4) | 69.5 (59.2; 79.8) *** | −2.4 (−17.1; 12.3) | |
Model 3 ### | 53.7 (37.8; 69.6) *** | −2.2 (−4.0; −0.4) *** | −14.7 (−18.0; −11.3) *** | 2.7 (−0.8; 6.2) | 74.7 (63.2; 86.2) *** | −2.6 (−20.1; 14.9) |
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Kołomańska-Bogucka, D.; Micek, A.; Mazur-Bialy, A.I. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Levels of Physical Activity in the Last Trimester, Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress in Late Pregnancy and in the Early Puerperium. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053066
Kołomańska-Bogucka D, Micek A, Mazur-Bialy AI. The COVID-19 Pandemic and Levels of Physical Activity in the Last Trimester, Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress in Late Pregnancy and in the Early Puerperium. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053066
Chicago/Turabian StyleKołomańska-Bogucka, Daria, Agnieszka Micek, and Agnieszka I. Mazur-Bialy. 2022. "The COVID-19 Pandemic and Levels of Physical Activity in the Last Trimester, Life Satisfaction and Perceived Stress in Late Pregnancy and in the Early Puerperium" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 3066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053066