A Scoping Review of Climate Change, Climate-Related Disasters, and Mental Disorders among Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Information Sources and Search Strategy
2.3. Screening
2.4. Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. China
3.2. India
3.3. Pakistan
3.4. Philippines
3.5. Namibia
3.6. Dominica
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inclusion Criteria | Exclusion Criteria | |
---|---|---|
Population | - Child focused (study population with mean age 18 years and under) - Study population located entirely in low- and middle-income countries at time of exposure (may be located in more than one) 1 | - Adult focused (study population with mean age over 18 years) - Any part of the study population located in high-income countries |
Intervention (Exposure) | - Climate-related disaster exposure (see Table S1 for list of climate-related disasters) OR climate change-related exposure (as identified by the study author) 2 | |
Comparison | - Any | |
Outcome | - Mental disorders (anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, acute stress, substance use and addiction, bipolar, schizophrenia, suicidal behavior, non-suicidal self-injury) evaluated based on DSM or ICD symptoms | - Mental disorders not evaluated based on DSM or ICD symptoms - Study only measures positive mental health |
Study Design | Any type of empirical literature, including - Journal articles (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods) - Grey literature (conference proceedings, dissertations, government and organization documents, policy briefs) | - Narrative reviews, syntheses (scoping reviews, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, etc.), commentaries, editorials, expert opinions - Validation studies - Non-English language - Date of publication before 2007 3 |
Study ID | Design | Sample Size and Population | Sampling Method | Climate-Related Disaster Exposure(s) | Mental Disorder Outcome(s) | Outcome Measurement Tool(s) | Post-Exposure Follow-Up Length | Main Findings (on the Association between Climate-Related Disasters and Mental Disorders) | Mental Disorder Prevalence Estimates |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China (n = 14) | |||||||||
An-2019 (same baseline sample as Xu 2018a) [39] | Prospective cohort | 154 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD, depression | CPSS, CES-DC (self-reported surveys) | 6 (T1), 9 (T2), and 12 (T3) months | Post-tornado PTSD and depression: 55.84% and 56.49% at T1, 50.0% and 65.58% at T2, 47.40% and 66.01% at T3; PTSD at T1 significantly predicted depression at T2 (p < 0.001) and PTSD at T2 significantly predicted depression at T3 | |
An-2018a (sample related to Xu-2018a) [46] | Cross-sectional | 443 junior high school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD | CPSS (self-reported survey) | 12 months | ||
An-2018b (same baseline sample as Xu 2018a) [47] | Prospective cohort | 204 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD | CPSS (self-reported survey) | 6 and 9 months | ||
Li-2010 [48] | Cross-sectional | 4327 children aged 7–15 and their parents | Multistage cluster random sampling | Flood (Dongting Lake) | PTSD | DSM-IV criteria (interview) | 18 months | Presence of PTSD was significantly greater among children who experienced flash or drainage problem flooding, experienced moderate (25–49% of total village area) or severe (≥50% of total village area) flooding, were dropped into water, were trapped in water, had a serious injury, had seriously injured relatives, witnessed somebody drown, had death of a family member or friend, were trapped in water near a dead body, had previous flood experience, were separated from family members, had teachers or classmates drown, had class suspended, had the following school semester postponed, and had parents with PTSD (all p ≤ 0.001); multivariate analyses showed that having a PTSD positive father (OR 3.0, 95% CI 2.05–4.50) or mother (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.99–6.45) significantly increased risk of child PTSD | Post-flood PTSD: children 4.7%, parents 11.2% |
Peng-2011 [37] | Cross-sectional | 7038 children aged 7–15 | Multistage cluster random sampling | Flood (Dongting Lake) | PTSD | DSM-IV criteria (interview) | ~18 months | Flood type (flash > collapsed > soaked) and whether school reopening was delayed (yes > no) were significantly associated with PTSD (p < 0.001) | Post-flood PTSD: 2.05% |
Quan-2017 [44] | Cross-sectional | 951 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Rainstorms | PTSD | PCL-5 (self-reported survey) | 1 week | Presence of PTSD was significantly correlated with rainstorm-related experiences and perceived severity of disaster (p = 0.01) | Post-rainstorm PTSD: 15.2% identified as probable cases |
Wu-2011 [42] | Cross-sectional | 968 students who walked home during storm | Convenience sampling | Snowstorm | PTSD | IES-R (self-reported survey) | 3 months | Walk time (5+ hours > 2–5 h > 0–2 h) and walk distance (20+ km > 10–20 km > 0–10 km) were significantly associated with PTSD (p < 0.01); binary analyses showed walk distance (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00–1.01) significantly increased odds of PTSD | Post-snowstorm PTSD: 14.5% |
Xu-2018a [49] | Cross-sectional | 247 middle school students (grades 7–9) | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD, depression | CPSS, CES-DC (self-reported surveys) | 3 months | Significantly greater odds of PTSD among children who had injured relatives/friends (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.01–3.92), feared injury/death (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.14–3.24); significantly greater odds of depression among children who had injured relatives/friends (OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.03–4.07) | Post-tornado PTSD: 57.5%, depression: 58.7% |
Xu-2018b (sample related to Xu-2018a) [50] | Cross-sectional | 431 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | Depression | CES-DC (self-reported survey) | 9 months | ||
Xu-2018c (same sample as Xu-2018a) [51] | Cross-sectional | 247 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD, depression | CPSS, CES-DC (self-reported surveys) | 6 months | ||
Yuan-2018a (sample related to Xu-2018a) [52] | Cross-sectional | 431 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD | CPSS (self-reported survey) | 9 months | ||
Yuan-2018b (same sample as Xu-2018a) [53] | Cross-sectional | 247 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD | CPSS (self-reported survey) | 3 months | ||
Zhang-2018 (sample related to Xu-2018a) [54] | Cross-sectional | 443 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Tornado | PTSD | CPSS (self-reported survey) | 12 months | ||
Zhen-2016 (same sample as Quan-2017) [55] | Cross-sectional | 951 middle school students | Multistage cluster random sampling | Rainstorms | PTSD | PCL-5 (self-reported survey) | 2 months | PTSD was significantly correlated with severity of rainstorm-related experiences (p < 0.001) | |
India (n = 3) | |||||||||
Chowhan-2016 [40] | Cross-sectional | 100 children aged 6–17 from local school | Systematic sampling | Snowstorm, avalanche | DSM-IV disorders | MINI-KID (interview) | 5 years | Observed 54 post-event diagnoses among 41 patients: PTSD (14), GAD (5), separation anxiety disorder (4), MDD (4), dysthymia (3), agoraphobia (3), social phobia (3), adjustment disorder (3), suicidality (2), PD (2), mania (1), specific phobia (1), substance abuse (1) | |
Hassan-2018 (mixed methods) [43] | Cross-sectional | 64 children who had resumed schooling | Convenience sampling | Flood | PTSD | Quantitative: CRIES-8; Qualitative: group discussions (interviews) | 1 month | Main qualitative themes: initial reactions to shock, intrusion, flashbacks, avoidance, difficulty in concentration, and helplessness and sadness | |
Kar-2007 [41] | Cross-sectional | 447 students | Multistage stratified cluster random sampling | Cyclone | PTSD, MDD | Psychiatrist evaluation using ICD-10-DCR criteria (interview) | 12 months | Exposure level was significantly associated with PTSD (high vs. low OR 4.10, 95% CI 2.30–7.30) | Post-cyclone PTSD: 30.6% (an additional 13.6% considered subsyndromal); MDD: 23.7% (comorbid with PTSD in 34.3% of this group) |
Pakistan (n = 2) | |||||||||
Ahmad-2011 [38] | Cross-sectional | 522 students aged 10–16 | Random sampling | Flood | PTSD | IES-R (self-reported survey) | 4 months | PTSD score significantly higher among those who were displaced vs. those who were not displaced (p = 0.000) | Post-flood PTSD: 3.06% none, 14.17% partial, 8.81% probable, 73.94% high |
Sitwat-2015 [36] | Cross-sectional | 205 females aged 13–19 | Purposive sampling | Flood | PTSD, GAD, MDD | Diagnostic interview using DSM-IV-TR (interview) | ~12 months | Post-flood PTSD: 2%, GAD: 1%, MDD: 2% | |
Philippines (n = 2) | |||||||||
Mordeno-2018 [56] | Cross-sectional | 225 child and adolescent survivors at evacuation centers | Convenience sampling | Typhoon (Washi) | ASD, depression | ASDI (interview), DSRS-C (self-reported survey) | 1 month | ||
Nalipay-2018 [57] | Cross-sectional | 446 college students | Convenience sampling | Typhoon (Haiyan) | PTSD | PCL-5 (self-reported survey) | 3 months | Post-typhoon PTSD: 16.14% | |
Namibia (n = 1) | |||||||||
Taukeni-2016 [58] | Cross-sectional | 429 students aged 8–18 | Stratified sampling | Flood | PTSD | CTSQ (self-reported survey) | 2 years | Post-flood PTSD: 72.8% of children 13+, 55.2% of children <13 | |
Dominica (n = 1) | |||||||||
Tavernier-2019 [45] | Cross-sectional | 174 college students | Not specified (sample from a larger study) | Tropical storm (Erika) | PTSD | Adapted PTSD Checklist (self-reported survey) | 6 months | PTSD was significantly correlated with severity of tropical storm exposure (p < 0.05) |
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Sharpe, I.; Davison, C.M. A Scoping Review of Climate Change, Climate-Related Disasters, and Mental Disorders among Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052896
Sharpe I, Davison CM. A Scoping Review of Climate Change, Climate-Related Disasters, and Mental Disorders among Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052896
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharpe, Isobel, and Colleen M. Davison. 2022. "A Scoping Review of Climate Change, Climate-Related Disasters, and Mental Disorders among Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052896
APA StyleSharpe, I., & Davison, C. M. (2022). A Scoping Review of Climate Change, Climate-Related Disasters, and Mental Disorders among Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2896. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052896