Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subject Recruitment
2.2. Measures
2.3. Translations
2.4. Online Survey
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Survey Scores and Gender
3.3. Correlation Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Male | Female | Statistics | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 93) | (n = 38) | (n = 55) | |||
M (SD)/% [%] | |||||
Demographics | |||||
Age | 36.11 (9.85) | 37.37 (11.15) | 35.22 (8.82) | 1.03 | 0.306 |
Age group | 6.9265 | 0.0313 | |||
≤25 | 17.39 (16) | 21.05 (8) | 14.81 (8) | ||
26–39 | 42.39 (39) | 26.32 (10) | 53.70 (29) | ||
≥40 | 40.22 (37) | 52.63 (20) | 31.48 (17) | ||
What is your highest level of education? | 3.7302 | 0.0534 | |||
Did not complete high school | 56.52 (52) | 68.42 (26) | 48.15 (26) | ||
GED/High School and above | 43.48 (40) | 31.58 (12) | 51.85 (28) | ||
Are you currently employed more than 15 h per week? | 0.6552 | 0.4183 | |||
Yes | 25.27 (23) | 29.73 (11) | 22.22 (12) | ||
No | 74.73 (68) | 70.27 (26) | 77.78 (42) | ||
What is your current relationship status? | 0.0063 | 0.9366 | |||
Married | 79.35 (73) | 78.95 (30) | 79.63 (43) | ||
All others | 20.65 (19) | 21.05 (8) | 20.37(11) | ||
Are you currently living with a spouse/partner? | 0.1779 | 0.6732 | |||
Yes | 83.52 (76) | 81.58 (31) | 84.91 (45) | ||
No | 16.48 (15) | 18.42 (7) | 15.09 (8) | ||
Is your partner or spouse employed for more than 15 h a week? | 3.1249 | 0.0771 | |||
Yes | 31.51 (23) | 20.00 (6) | 39.53 (17) | ||
No | 68.49 (50) | 80.00 (24) | 60.47 (26) | ||
What is your approximate total household income? Include all sources. | 4.3298 | 0.0375 | |||
less than $10,000 | 60.23 (53) | 72.97 (27) | 50.98 (26) | ||
$10,000 or above | 39.77 (35) | 27.03 (10) | 49.02 (25) | ||
How many children live in your household? | 4.2 (2.06) | 4.03 (1.95) | 4.33 (2.15) | −0.67 | 0.5068 |
Do you have medical insurance? | 0.0666 | 0.7964 | |||
Yes | 80.22 (73) | 78.95 (30) | 81.13 (43) | ||
No | 19.78 (18) | 21.05 (8) | 18.87 (10) | ||
Have you been diagnosed with any of the following? Check all that apply: | |||||
Diabetes mellitus | 10.75 (10) | 7.89 (3) | 12.73 (7) | 0.5469 | 0.519 |
Hypertension | 9.68 (9) | 7.89 (3) | 10.91 (6) | 0.2336 | 0.733 |
Hypothroidism | 9.78 (9) | 5.26 (2) | 12.96 (7) | 1.4983 | 0.2978 |
Asthma | 5.38 (5) | 5.26 (2) | 5.45 (3) | 0.0016 | 1 |
Irritable bowel syndrome | 12.9 (12) | 13.16 (5) | 12.73 (7) | 0.0037 | 1 |
Number of Health Issues | 0.48 (0.73) | 0.39 (0.72) | 0.55 (0.74) | −0.98 | 0.3314 |
Do you smoke cigarettes? | 31.2903 | <0.0001 | |||
Never | 78.49 (73) | 50.00 (19) | 98.18 (54) | ||
I was (Quit) | 4.3 (4) | 10.53 (4) | 0 (0) | ||
Occasionally | 4.3 (4) | 10.53 (4) | 0 (0) | ||
Less than 10 cigarettes per day | 7.53 (7) | 15.79 (6) | 1.82 (1) | ||
More than 10 cigarettes per day | 5.38 (5) | 13.16 (5) | 0 (0) | ||
Do you smoke Hookah? | 2.2589 | 0.7113 | |||
Never | 86.02 (80) | 84.21 (32) | 87.27 (58) | ||
I was (Quit) | 1.08 (1) | 2.63 (1) | 0 (0) | ||
Occasionally | 11.83 (11) | 13.16 (5) | 10.91 (6) | ||
Daily | 1.08 (1) | 0 (0) | 1.82 (1) | ||
Stress Measurements | |||||
General Mental Health (possible range: 0–20) | 4.37 (4.27) | 3.47 (3.81) | 5.09 (4.50) | −1.78 | 0.0791 |
Perceived Stress Sale (possible range: 0–56) | 23.74 (8.72) | 23.64 (7.85) | 23.87 (9.46) | −0.12 | 0.9049 |
Afghan Symptoms (possible range: 20–100) | 35.29 (14.18) | 31.64 (12.82) | 37.78 (14.73) | −2.04 | 0.0446 |
Sadness with Social Withdrawal (possible range: 15–75) | 27 (10.82) | 24.31 (10.01) | 28.89 (11.12) | −1.99 | 0.0495 |
Fishar Ruminative Sadness (possible range: 2–10) | 4.09 (2.29) | 3.64 (2.09) | 4.36 (2.39) | −1.46 | 0.1467 |
Stress-Induced Reactivity (possible range: 4–20) | 5.88 (2.53) | 4.86 (1.51) | 6.56 (2.86) | −3.65 | 0.0004 |
Refugee Post-Migration Stress Scale (possible range: 21–105) | 54.42 (17.30) | 45.15 (17.53) | 60.54 (13.91) | −3.23 | 0.0022 |
Perceived Discrimination (possible range: 4–20) | 6.91 (3.62) | 6 (2.77) | 7.33 (4.01) | −1.11 | 0.2721 |
Lack of Host Country-Specific Competences (possible range: 3–15) | 10 (4.01) | 9.08 (3.82) | 11.05 (3.58) | −1.7 | 0.0961 |
Material and Economic Strain (possible range: 3–15) | 8.15 (3.73) | 7.91 (4.09) | 8.82 (3.44) | −0.74 | 0.46 |
Loss of Home Country (possible range: 3–15) | 11.96 (3.55) | 11.09 (2.47) | 12.97 (3.04) | −1.88 | 0.0657 |
Family and Home Country Concerns (possible range: 2–10) | 8.02 (2.71) | 7.73 (2.20) | 8.62 (2.38) | −1.11 | 0.2723 |
Social Strain (possible range: 3–15) | 7.15 (3.66) | 5.18 (3.40) | 8.08 (3.57) | −2.4 | 0.0204 |
Family Conflicts (possible range: 3–15) | 3.88 (2.29) | 4 (1.76) | 3.97 (2.56) | 0.03 | 0.9745 |
Gender (ref: Male) | Age | Education (ref: Did Not Complete High School) | Employment (ref: No) | Married (ref: All Others) | Living Partner (ref: No) | Partner Employment Status (ref: No) | Family Income (ref: Less than $10,000) | Number of Children Living in Your Household | Health Insurance Status (ref: No) | Number of Health Issues | Smoke Cigarettes (ref: Never) | Hookah Use (ref: Never) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-Reporting Questionnaire | r | 0.186 | 0.037 | −0.100 | 0.007 | 0.041 | 0.123 | 0.140 | 0.249 | 0.004 | 0.028 | 0.369 | −0.039 | 0.140 |
p | 0.079 | 0.733 | 0.351 | 0.948 | 0.700 | 0.251 | 0.244 | 0.021 | 0.968 | 0.799 | 0.000 | 0.716 | 0.189 | |
Perceived Stress Sale | r | 0.013 | 0.078 | −0.157 | 0.016 | 0.128 | 0.288 | −0.170 | 0.205 | 0.148 | −0.045 | 0.195 | 0.070 | 0.164 |
p | 0.905 | 0.468 | 0.142 | 0.880 | 0.233 | 0.006 | 0.157 | 0.060 | 0.181 | 0.676 | 0.068 | 0.516 | 0.126 | |
Afghan Symptoms | r | 0.212 | 0.026 | −0.030 | 0.136 | 0.019 | 0.071 | 0.020 | 0.277 | 0.160 | −0.004 | 0.289 | −0.089 | 0.086 |
p | 0.045 | 0.809 | 0.779 | 0.205 | 0.856 | 0.506 | 0.866 | 0.010 | 0.142 | 0.970 | 0.006 | 0.406 | 0.421 | |
Sadness with Social Withdrawal | r | 0.208 | 0.029 | −0.017 | 0.124 | 0.038 | 0.072 | 0.042 | 0.265 | 0.166 | 0.024 | 0.280 | −0.091 | 0.060 |
p | 0.050 | 0.784 | 0.874 | 0.247 | 0.723 | 0.504 | 0.727 | 0.014 | 0.129 | 0.822 | 0.008 | 0.392 | 0.574 | |
Fishar Ruminative Sadness | r | 0.155 | 0.003 | −0.085 | 0.189 | 0.040 | 0.082 | 0.015 | 0.300 | 0.104 | −0.010 | 0.269 | 0.033 | 0.113 |
p | 0.147 | 0.981 | 0.426 | 0.078 | 0.713 | 0.449 | 0.898 | 0.005 | 0.344 | 0.927 | 0.011 | 0.761 | 0.290 | |
Stress Induced Reactivity | r | 0.328 | 0.016 | 0.020 | 0.044 | −0.100 | 0.010 | −0.036 | 0.198 | 0.153 | −0.115 | 0.241 | −0.224 | 0.151 |
p | 0.002 | 0.879 | 0.850 | 0.684 | 0.347 | 0.929 | 0.762 | 0.068 | 0.162 | 0.288 | 0.022 | 0.034 | 0.155 | |
Refugee Post-Migration Stress Scale | r | 0.416 | 0.154 | −0.078 | −0.049 | 0.137 | 0.349 | 0.196 | 0.127 | 0.136 | 0.100 | 0.297 | −0.044 | 0.099 |
p | 0.002 | 0.275 | 0.585 | 0.729 | 0.333 | 0.012 | 0.225 | 0.385 | 0.350 | 0.492 | 0.033 | 0.757 | 0.484 | |
Perceived Discrimination | r | 0.155 | 0.048 | −0.073 | 0.209 | −0.089 | 0.151 | 0.021 | 0.192 | 0.439 | −0.038 | 0.265 | −0.051 | 0.007 |
p | 0.272 | 0.737 | 0.610 | 0.138 | 0.532 | 0.290 | 0.899 | 0.187 | 0.002 | 0.795 | 0.057 | 0.720 | 0.963 | |
Lack of Host Country Competences | r | 0.233 | 0.058 | −0.186 | 0.103 | 0.104 | 0.191 | −0.029 | 0.159 | −0.058 | −0.114 | 0.043 | 0.105 | 0.051 |
p | 0.096 | 0.684 | 0.191 | 0.466 | 0.461 | 0.179 | 0.858 | 0.275 | 0.691 | 0.429 | 0.761 | 0.460 | 0.721 | |
Material and Economic Strain | r | 0.107 | 0.074 | −0.146 | 0.054 | −0.068 | 0.064 | 0.214 | 0.153 | 0.030 | −0.133 | 0.127 | 0.248 | −0.004 |
p | 0.460 | 0.612 | 0.316 | 0.711 | 0.639 | 0.664 | 0.191 | 0.304 | 0.841 | 0.368 | 0.381 | 0.082 | 0.979 | |
Loss of Home Country | r | 0.262 | 0.183 | −0.222 | −0.128 | 0.346 | 0.243 | 0.045 | −0.014 | −0.025 | 0.199 | 0.175 | 0.174 | 0.030 |
p | 0.066 | 0.203 | 0.125 | 0.377 | 0.014 | 0.093 | 0.788 | 0.927 | 0.866 | 0.174 | 0.225 | 0.226 | 0.838 | |
Family and Home Country Concerns | r | 0.158 | 0.114 | −0.267 | 0.082 | 0.456 | 0.402 | 0.116 | 0.182 | 0.051 | 0.399 | 0.221 | 0.159 | 0.009 |
p | 0.272 | 0.431 | 0.063 | 0.573 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.481 | 0.222 | 0.732 | 0.005 | 0.123 | 0.271 | 0.949 | |
Social Strain | r | 0.327 | 0.040 | −0.082 | 0.076 | 0.046 | 0.346 | 0.233 | 0.306 | −0.011 | 0.173 | 0.226 | 0.296 | 0.162 |
p | 0.020 | 0.783 | 0.575 | 0.598 | 0.749 | 0.015 | 0.153 | 0.036 | 0.940 | 0.241 | 0.115 | 0.037 | 0.260 | |
Family Conflicts | r | −0.005 | 0.040 | −0.037 | 0.352 | −0.339 | 0.026 | 0.033 | 0.225 | 0.495 | −0.152 | 0.110 | −0.034 | 0.222 |
p | 0.975 | 0.791 | 0.808 | 0.016 | 0.021 | 0.867 | 0.849 | 0.137 | 0.001 | 0.320 | 0.466 | 0.825 | 0.138 |
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Atrooz, F.; Chen, T.A.; Biekman, B.; Alrousan, G.; Bick, J.; Salim, S. Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052547
Atrooz F, Chen TA, Biekman B, Alrousan G, Bick J, Salim S. Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052547
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtrooz, Fatin, Tzuan A. Chen, Brian Biekman, Ghalya Alrousan, Johanna Bick, and Samina Salim. 2022. "Displacement and Isolation: Insights from a Mental Stress Survey of Syrian Refugees in Houston, Texas, USA" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052547