The Effect of the “Colorful Eating Is Healthy Eating” Long-Term Nutrition Education Program for 3- to 6-Year-Olds on Eating Habits in the Family and Parental Nutrition Knowledge
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Nutrition Knowledge
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Nutritional Behavior and Dietary Intake
3.2. Nutrition Knowledge and Contributing Factors
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Topic | Content | Teaching Method | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Healthy food and lifestyle pyramid (duration: 60 min) |
| Building a healthy food pyramid with the use of food packaging; creating a food pyramid collage (to be taken home); making a food pyramid out of felt |
2 | Fruit and vegetables—colorful and healthy (duration: 60 min) |
| Puzzles and quizzes (why fruits are colorful); vegetable salad |
3 | How to build strong teeth and bones (duration: 45 min) |
| Educational poster on sources of calcium; Strong Bones jigsaw puzzle |
4 | Can we survive without eating meat? (duration: 30 min) |
| Puzzles; work sheets—vitamins and minerals in different types of meat |
5 | Sweet preschoolers (duration: 45 min) |
| Recipes for home-made ice-cream and whole-grain cookies; analyzing the content of sugar in food products |
6 | How about water? (duration: 45 min) |
| Recipes for home-made lemonade; crossword puzzle about water |
Consumption Frequency Categories | Ranks Assigned to Consumption Frequency Categories | Daily Consumption Frequency (Times/Day) |
---|---|---|
never | 1 | 0 |
1–3 times per month | 2 | 0.06 |
once a week | 3 | 0.14 |
several times a week | 4 | 0.5 |
once a day | 5 | 1 |
several times a day | 6 | 2 |
Total Sample, n = 521 | Surveyed Group, n = 211 | Control Group, n = 310 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child’s age, n (%) | ||||
3–4 years | 236 (45.3) | 98 (46.4) | 138 (44.5) | ns |
5–6 years | 285 (54.7) | 113 (53.6) | 172 (55.5) | |
Gender, n (%) | ||||
Female | 436 (83,7) | 177 (83.9) | 259 (83.5) | |
Male | 85 (16.3) | 34 (16.1) | 51 (16.5) | 0.03 |
Parents’ age, n (%) | ||||
<25 years | 44 (8.4) | 23 (10.9) | 21 (6.8) | |
26–35 years | 351 (67.4) | 136 (64.5) | 215 (69.4) | 0.034 |
>35 years | 126 (24.2) | 52 (24.6) | 74 (23.8) | |
Place of residence, n (%) | ||||
City > 100,000 | 313 (60.1) | 127 (60.2) | 186 (60.0) | |
City < 100,000 | 132 (25.3) | 48 (22.7) | 84 (27.1) | 0.002 |
Rural area | 76 (14.6) | 36 (17.1) | 40 (12.9) | |
Education | ||||
Primary school | 21 (4.0) | 7 (3.3) | 14 (4.5) | |
Secondary school | 139 (26.7) | 41 (19.4) | 98 (31.6) | 0.017 |
Vocational school | 42 (8.1) | 13 (6.2) | 29 (9.4) | |
University | 319 (61.2) | 150 (71.1) | 169 (54.5) | |
Professional status | ||||
Unemployed, homemaker | 60 (11.5) | 23 (10.9) | 37 (11.9) | |
Works occasionally | 174 (33.4) | 49 (23.2) | 125 (40.3) | 0.036 |
Permanently employed | 256 (49.1) | 131 (62.1) | 125 (40.3) | |
University student | 31 (6.0) | 8 (3.8) | 23 (7.5) |
Total Sample | Surveyed Group before the Program | Surveyed Group after the Program | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Eating habits | ||||
Number of meals per day | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | 4 (2–6) | |
Snacking between meals | 0.8 (0–2) | 0.7 (0–2) | 0.7 (0–2) | |
Adding sugar to beverages | 0.45 (0–0.5) | 0.44 (0–0.5) | 0.42 (0–1) | 0.008 |
Adding salt to meals | 0.37 (0–0.5) | 0.27 (0–0.5) | 0.25 (0–0.5) |
Total Sample before Program (Test) | Total Sample after the Program (Retest) | p | Surveyed Group before the Program (Test) | Surveyed Group after the Program (Retest) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Food consumption frequency | ||||||
Whole-grain bread | 0.55 | 0.64 | 0.021 | 0.61 | 0.64 (0–2) | 0.08 |
Wheat bread | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.012 | 0.74 | 0.52 (0–2) | 0.002 |
Coarse groats (buckwheat, cereal flakes) | 0.47 | 0.57 | 0.017 | 0.56 | 0.56 (0–2) | 0.324 |
Fine groats, rice | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.174 | 0.48 | 0.41 (0–1) | 0.031 |
Milk | 0.71 | 0.66 | 0.071 | 0.68 | 0.67 | 0.214 |
Fermented milk beverages | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.326 | 0.6 | 0.58 | 0.314 |
Cottage cheese, tvorog | 0.48 | 0.51 | 0.216 | 0.51 | 0.53 | 0.209 |
Hard and soft ripened cheese | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.346 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.190 |
Red meat (e.g., beef) | 0.41 | 0.44 | 0.522 | 0.48 | 0.46 | 0.227 |
White meat (e.g., chicken and turkey) | 0.65 | 0.63 | 0.372 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.617 |
Fish | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.276 | 0.34 | 0.38 | 0.07 |
Eggs | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.346 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.510 |
Legumes (e.g., peas, beans, lentils) | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.072 | 0.27 | 0.34 | 0.031 |
Vegetables | 0.71 | 0.79 | 0.041 | 0.71 | 0.83 | 0.027 |
Fermented vegetables | 0.39 | 0.38 | 0.517 | 0.42 | 0.39 | 0.167 |
Fruits | 0.71 | 0.75 | 0.278 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 0.017 |
Fruit and vegetable juice | 0.59 | 0.63 | 0.314 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.024 |
Butter | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.241 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.511 |
Margarine | 0.57 | 0.67 | 0.071 | 0.57 | 0.69 | 0.017 |
Sweetened hot beverages | 0.86 | 0.83 | 0.317 | 0.79 | 0.71 | 0.011 |
Fast food | 0.31 | 0.28 | 0.176 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.314 |
Sweetened beverages | 1.00 | 0.84 | 0.021 | 1.00 | 0.78 | 0.001 |
Water | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.001 | 0.81 | 0.91 | 0.001 |
Total Sample | Before the Program (Baseline) | p | After the Program (Follow-Up) | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control Group | Surveyed Group | Control Group | Surveyed Group | ||||
Nutrition Knowledge Score (Points) | |||||||
Average score | 8.4 (5.9–9.2) | 8.1 (6.1–8.6) | 8.6 (7.4–10.5) | ns | 8.3 (6.7–10.1) | 9.5 (7.9–12.3) | 0.008 |
Nutrition Knowledge Score, n (%) | |||||||
low | 136 | 79 | 63 | 84 | 79 | ||
average | 136 | 114 | 74 | 116 | 74 | ||
high | 249 | 117 | 74 | 110 | 58 | ||
Child’s Age | |||||||
3–4 years | 8.2 | 8.2 | 8.1 | ns | 8.2 | 9.2 | 0.005 |
5–6 years | 8.5 | 8.0 | 8.8 | 0.043 | 8.4 | 10.6 | 0.0001 |
Parents’ Education | |||||||
Primary school | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.8 | ns | 6.8 | 6.9 | ns |
Secondary school | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.2 | 0.041 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 0.04 |
Vocational school | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.9 | ns | 7.9 | 8.1 | ns |
University | 9.3 | 9.1 | 9.6 | ns | 9.4 | 12.4 | 0.0001 |
Child’s Age (Ref. 5–6 Years) 3–4 Years | Parents’ Age (Ref. 26–35 Years) | Parents’ Education (Ref. University Education) | Professional Status (Ref. Permanently Employed) | Nutrition Knowledge (Ref. Average) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
>25 Years | <35 Years | Primary | Secondary | Vocational | Unemployed/ Homemaker | Works Occasionally | University Student | Low | High | ||
Before the Program | |||||||||||
Dairy products | 1.76 ** (1.23–1.9) | 1.02 (0.9–1.09) | 1.37 * (1.2–1.56) | 0.62 ** (0.51–0.73) | 0.92 (0.8–0.94) | 0.92 (0.74–0.98) | 0.91 (0.84–1.03) | 0.74 * (0.7–0.91) | 1.06 (0.92–1.14) | 1.03 (0.94–1.22) | 1.78 ** (1.61–1.94) |
Fiber | 0.89 (0.77–0.94) | 1.04 (0.89–1.09) | 0.94 (0.78–1.08) | 0.54 ** (0.31–0.7) | 1.04 (0.91–1.11) | 0.71 * (0.63–0.82) | 0.88 (0.74–0.94) | 0.91 (0.77–1.01) | 1.02 (0.91–1.09) | 0.88 (0.71–1.07) | 1.43 * (1.22–1.7) |
Vegetables | 0.81 * (0.74–0.93) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 1.12 (1.03–1.19) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.98 (0.91–1.03) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 0.91 (0.83–0.96) | 1.09 (1.02–1.14) |
Fruits | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.12 (1.03–1.14) | 0.99 (0.92–1.04) | 1.02 (0.91–1.12) | 1.08 (1.01–1.12) | 1.02 (0.91–1.06) | 1.12 (1.07–1.15) | 1.02 (0.94–1.05) | 1.07 (0.98–1.12) |
Fast food | 0.77 * (0.62–0.91) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.74 * (0.56–0.89) | 1.56 * (1.11–1.86) | 1.01 (1.0–1.04) | 1.37 * (1.24–1.49) | 0.61 ** (0.56–0.77) | 1.98 ** (1.57–2.21) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.01 (0.96–1.09) | 0.74 * (0.58–0.89) |
Breakfast | 2.11 ** (1.74–2.23) | 0.95 (0.9–0.99) | 1.02 (0.91–1.06) | 1.09 (1.04–1.19) | 1.02 (0.94–1.14) | 1.04 (0.96–1.09) | 1.48 * (1.27–1.63) | 0.71 * (0.63–0.89) | 0.95 (0.89–1.09) | 1.05 (1.01–1.11) | 1.37 * (1.22–1.45) |
Snacking between meals | 0.73 * (0.61–0.93) | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) | 1.13 (1.03–1.17) | 1.02 (0.93–1.07) | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) | 1.07 (1.01–1.11) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.04 (0.96–1.08) | 1.06 (0.93–1.11) | 0.71 * (0.64–0.89) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) |
Sweetened beverages | 1.56 * (1.21–1.77) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 1.02 (0.9–1.11) | 1.08 (1.04–1.15) | 0.92 (0.84–0.99) | 1.27 * (1.15–1.39) | 0.94 (0.88–0.08) | 1.05 (0.97–1.09) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.86 * (0.79–0.93) |
Reading food labels | 1.06 (0.94–1.17) | 1.05 (0.99–1.09) | 1.05 (1.0–1.12) | 1.11 (1.09–1.17) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.54 ** (0.32–0.71) | 0.66 ** (0.51–0.76) | 0.7 * (0.67–0.81) | 1.07 (0.99–1.12) | 0.59 ** (0.49–0.73) | 1.79 ** (1.55–1.89) |
After the Program | |||||||||||
Dairy products | 1.52 * (1.2–1.76) | 1.02 (0.9–1.09) | 1.56 * (1.31–1.89) | 0.62 ** (0.51–0.73) | 0.92 (0.8–0.94) | 0.92 (0.74–0.98) | 0.91 (0.84–1.03) | 0.74 * (0.7–0.91) | 1.06 (0.92–1.14) | 1.03 (0.94–1.22) | 1.84 ** (1.65–1.99) |
Fiber | 0.89 (0.77–0.94) | 1.04 (0.89–1.09) | 0.94 (0.78–1.08) | 0.71 * (0.56–0.84) | 1.04 (0.91–1.11) | 0.71 * (0.63–0.82) | 0.88 (0.74–0.94) | 0.91 (0.77–1.01) | 1.02 (0.91–1.09) | 0.88 (0.71–1.07) | 1.43 * (1.22–1.7) |
Vegetables | 0.81 * (0.74–0.93) | 0.94 (0.91–0.98) | 1.12 (1.03–1.19) | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.93 (0.88–0.97) | 0.98 (0.91–1.03) | 1.03 (1.01–1.06) | 1.11 (1.05–1.17) | 0.94 (0.83–1.08) | 0.91 (0.83–0.96) | 1.09 (1.02–1.14) |
Fruits | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.12 (1.03–1.14) | 0.99 (0.92–1.04) | 1.02 (0.91–1.12) | 1.08 (1.01–1.12) | 1.02 (0.91–1.06) | 1.12 (1.07–1.15) | 1.02 (0.94–1.05) | 1.07 (0.98–1.12) |
Fast food | 0.77 * (0.62–0.91) | 0.91 (0.84–0.98) | 0.56 ** (0.43–0.71) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.01 (1.0–1.04) | 1.37 * (1.24–1.49) | 0.61 ** (0.56–0.77) | 1.98 ** (1.57–2.21) | 1.02 (0.96–1.09) | 1.01 (0.96–1.09) | 0.74 * (0.58–0.89) |
Breakfast | 1.89 ** (1.51–2.11) | 0.95 (0.9–0.99) | 1.02 (0.91–1.06) | 1.09 (1.04–1.19) | 1.02 (0.94–1.14) | 1.04 (0.96–1.09) | 1.48 * (1.27–1.63) | 0.86 (0.61–0.94) | 0.95 (0.89–1.09) | 1.05 (1.01–1.11) | 1.37 * (1.22–1.45) |
Snacking between meals | 0.73 * (0.61–0.93) | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) | 1.13 (1.03–1.17) | 1.02 (0,93–1.07) | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) | 1.07 (1.01 –1.11) | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 1.04 (0.96–1.08) | 1.06 (0.93–1.11) | 0.71 * (0.64–0.89) | 1.08 (1.01–1.14) |
Sweetened beverages | 1.56 * (1.21–1.77) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 1.02 (0.9–1.11) | 1.08 (1.04–1.15) | 0.92 (0.84–0.99) | 1.27 * (1.15–1.39) | 0.94 (0.88–0.08) | 1.05 (0.97–1.09) | 1.09 (1.02–1.16) | 0.99 (0.95–1.03) | 0.86 * (0.79–0.93) |
Reading food labels | 1.06 (0.94–1.17) | 1.05 (0.99–1.09) | 1.05 (1.0–1.12) | 1.11 (1.09–1.17) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.78 * (0.49–0.89) | 0.77 * (0.61–0.94) | 0.7 * (0.67–0.81) | 1.07 (0.99–1.12) | 0.59 ** (0.49–0.73) | 1.79 ** (1.55–1.89) |
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Kostecka, M. The Effect of the “Colorful Eating Is Healthy Eating” Long-Term Nutrition Education Program for 3- to 6-Year-Olds on Eating Habits in the Family and Parental Nutrition Knowledge. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041981
Kostecka M. The Effect of the “Colorful Eating Is Healthy Eating” Long-Term Nutrition Education Program for 3- to 6-Year-Olds on Eating Habits in the Family and Parental Nutrition Knowledge. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041981
Chicago/Turabian StyleKostecka, Malgorzata. 2022. "The Effect of the “Colorful Eating Is Healthy Eating” Long-Term Nutrition Education Program for 3- to 6-Year-Olds on Eating Habits in the Family and Parental Nutrition Knowledge" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 1981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041981