The Relationship between Compulsive Exercise, Self-Esteem, Body Image and Body Satisfaction in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographics
2.2.2. Obligatory Exercise Questionnaire (OEQ)
2.2.3. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES)
2.2.4. The Body Satisfaction Scale (BSS)
2.2.5. The Body Image—Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ)
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Principal Components Factor Analyses
3.2. Creating Groups
3.3. Differences between Groups
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limits
5. Conclusions
5.1. What Is Already Known on This Subject?
5.2. What Does This Study Add?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Factor | OEQ Item a | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s α |
---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Exercise Fixation | 4. When I don’t exercise, I feel guilty | .80 | .83 |
13. When I miss a scheduled exercise session, I may feel tense, irritable or depressed | .76 | ||
7. When I miss an exercise session, I feel concerned about my body possibly getting out of shape | .74 | ||
14. Sometimes, I find that my mind wanders to thoughts about exercising | .71 | ||
12. If I feel I have overeaten, I will try to make up for it by increasing the amount of exercise | .71 | ||
15. I have had daydreams about exercising | .60 | ||
Factor 2: Exercise frequency andcommitment | 3. I exercise more than three days per week | .82 | .80 |
1. I engage in physical exercise on a daily basis | .82 | ||
2. I engage in one/more of the following forms of exercise: walking, jogging/running or weight-lighting | .76 | ||
10. I may miss a day of exercise for no reason | .69 |
OEQ Subscales | ||
---|---|---|
Group (n) | Exercise Fixation | Exercise Frequency and Commitment |
Pathological obligatory exercisers (n = 29) | .96 (.82) | 1.00 (.57) |
Exercise fixators (n = 25) | .78 (.67) | −.55 (.47) |
Committed exercisers (n = 26) | −.61 (.42) | .76 (.38) |
Non-exercisers (n = 40) | −.79 (.45) | −.88 (.69) |
Group | Univariate ANOVA’s | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome | 1. Pathological Obligatory Exercisers | 2. Exercise Fixators | 3. Committed Exercisers | 4. Non-Exercisers | |
BMI * | 23.61 (4.69) a | 22.55 (3.59) a | 22.04 (5.54) a | 21.75 (3.62) a | F (3, 115) = 1,10, p = .35, partial ƞ2 = .03 |
Delta weight * | −4.76 (3.78) a | −5.72 (5.97) a | −3.96 (8.31) a | −3.58 (7.08) a | F (3, 115) = 0.63, p = .60, partial ƞ2 = .02 |
Exercise hours | 5.64 (4.38) a | 2.86 (0.48) b | 6.10 (0.46) a | 2.45 (0.37) b | F (3, 116) = 19.14, p < .001, partial ƞ2 = .33 |
Self-esteem | 23.44 (4.68) a | 22.64 (5.11) a | 18.53 (4.55) b | 21.40 (5.56) a | F (3, 116) = 4.84, p = .003, partial ƞ2 = .11 |
Body satisfaction | 50.51 (14.35) a | 49.60 (13.05) a | 39.38 (12.55) b | 45.83 (15.19) a,b | F (3, 116) = 4.84, p = .003, partial ƞ2 = .08 |
Body image | 48.97 (14.44) a | 55.36 (13.34) a | 65.92 (9.29) b | 63.40 (14.58) b | F (3, 116) = 10.24, p < .001, partial ƞ2 = .21 |
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Ruiz-Turrero, J.; Massar, K.; Kwasnicka, D.; Ten Hoor, G.A. The Relationship between Compulsive Exercise, Self-Esteem, Body Image and Body Satisfaction in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031857
Ruiz-Turrero J, Massar K, Kwasnicka D, Ten Hoor GA. The Relationship between Compulsive Exercise, Self-Esteem, Body Image and Body Satisfaction in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031857
Chicago/Turabian StyleRuiz-Turrero, Juncal, Karlijn Massar, Dominika Kwasnicka, and Gill A. Ten Hoor. 2022. "The Relationship between Compulsive Exercise, Self-Esteem, Body Image and Body Satisfaction in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031857