The Role of Parenting Practices on the Parent Perceived Impact of Child Oral Health on Family Wellbeing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | Parental Emotions Mean (SD) | Parent/Family Activity Mean (SD) | Family Conflict Mean (SD) | Total Family Impact Scale Score Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender a | ||||||
Male | 915 | 59.5 | 1.01 (1.71) * | 3.19 (3.40) ** | 1.01 (1.65) ** | 5.21 (5.48) ** |
Female | 624 | 40.5 | 0.81 (1.60) | 2.42 (3.01) | 0.67 (1.33) | 3.92 (4.81) |
Socioeconomic status b | ||||||
Upper | 341 | 22.2 | 0.59 (1.22) ** | 1.99 (2.65) ** | 0.65 (1.31) * | 3.24 (4.29) ** |
Middle | 651 | 42.3 | 0.91 (1.65) | 2.84 (3.23) | 0.92 (1.59) | 4.68 (5.24) |
Lower | 547 | 35.5 | 1.16 (1.88) | 3.47 (3.53) | 0.96 (1.59) | 5.60 (5.61) |
Family structure b | ||||||
Single parent | 180 | 11.7 | 1.05 (1.70) | 3.58 (3.38) * | 1.28 (1.87) ** | 5.92 (5.73) * |
Nuclear | 904 | 58.7 | 0.95 (1.72) | 2.83 (3.29) | 0.84 (1.47) | 4.62 (5.25) |
Non-nuclear | 455 | 29.6 | 0.84 (1.54) | 2.70 (3.15) | 0.78 (1.48) | 4.32 (5.01) |
Number of children b | ||||||
1–2 | 1107 | 71.9 | 0.89 (1.63) | 2.74 (3.17) * | 0.84 (1.49) | 4.81 (5.12) * |
3–4 | 398 | 25.8 | 1.01 (1.77) | 3.13 (3.45) | 0.93 (1.64) | 5.08 (5.52) |
>5 | 34 | 2.2 | 1.08 (1.67) | 4.44 (3.69) | 1.32 (1.71) | 6.85 (5.92) |
Crowding b | ||||||
≤1 person/room | 445 | 28.9 | 0.94 (1.64) | 3.05 (3.31) | 0.82 (1.52) | 4.82 (5.30) |
1.1–2 persons/room | 994 | 64.5 | 0.93 (1.70) | 2.76 (3.23) | 0.88 (1.53) | 4.58 (5.25) |
>2 persons/room | 100 | 6.4 | 0.87 (1.44) | 3.27 (3.42) | 1.03 (1.62) | 5.17 (5.12) |
Toothbrushing frequency b | ||||||
Rarely or sometimes in a week | 7 | 0.4 | 0.71 (1.25) | 5.14 (3.80) | 1.71 (2.49) | 7.57 (6.82) |
Once | 1415 | 91.9 | 0.94 (1.68) | 2.89 (3.28) | 0.88 (1.53) | 4.73 (5.27) |
Twice or more | 117 | 7.6 | 0.73 (1.51) | 2.54 (2.98) | 0.73 (1.55) | 4.01 (5.00) |
Time since last dental visit b | ||||||
Never | 1269 | 82.4 | 0.93 (1.66) | 2.87 (3.25) | 0.85 (1.51) | 4.67 (5.19) |
More than a year ago | 119 | 7.7 | 0.97 (1.79) | 2.55 (2.99) | 0.94 (1.69) | 4.47 (5.44) |
Within last one year | 151 | 9.8 | 0.85 (1.63) | 3.16 (3.60) | 1.01 (1.60) | 5.02 (5.64) |
Frequency of sweet food consumption between meals b | ||||||
Twice or more | 76 | 4.9 | 0.98 (1.89) | 2.84 (3.39) | 0.86 (1.57) | 4.69 (5.72) |
Once | 130 | 8.4 | 0.96 (1.69) | 3.52 (3.61) | 0.84 (1.50) | 5.33 (5.52) |
Rarely or never | 1333 | 86.6 | 0.92 (1.65) | 2.82 (3.22) | 0.88 (1.54) | 4.62 (5.20) |
Frequency of sweet drinks consumption between meals b | ||||||
Twice or more | 80 | 5.1 | 1.13 (1.86) | 3.46 (3.39) * | 1.20 (1.95) | 5.80 (5.94) |
Once | 327 | 21.2 | 0.95 (1.65) | 3.12 (3.28) | 0.82 (1.56) | 4.91 (5.24) |
Rarely or never | 1132 | 73.5 | 0.91 (1.66) | 2.76 (3.25) | 0.86 (1.54) | 4.54 (5.20) |
Independent Variables | Parental Emotions B (SE) | Parent/Family Activity B (SE) | Family Conflict B (SE) | Total Family Impact Scale Score B (SE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 0.08 (0.04) | 0.21 (0.08) * | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.35 (0.14) * |
Dental caries (DMFT + dmft) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.07 (0.05) | 0.06 (0.02) | 0.13 (0.09) |
Mean % of teeth with gingivitis | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.005) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.008) |
Positive parenting | −0.21 (0.06) * | −0.76 (0.13) ** | −0.34 (0.06) ** | −1.33 (0.21) ** |
Power assertion parenting | 0.23 (0.06) ** | 0.45 (0.13) ** | 0.30 (0.06) ** | 0.99 (0.21) ** |
Independent Variables | Parental Emotions B (SE) | Parent/Family Activity B (SE) | Family Conflict B (SE) | Total Family Impact Scale Score B (SE) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 (adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics) | ||||
Positive parenting | −0.25 (0.07) ** | −0.81 (0.14) ** | −0.46 (0.06) ** | −1.52 (0.22) ** |
Power assertion parenting | 0.30 (0.07) ** | 0.66 (0.14) ** | 0.43 (0.06) ** | 1.40 (0.22) ** |
Step 2 (adjusted for socio-demographic and family environment) | ||||
Positive parenting | −0.25 (0.07) ** | −0.78 (0.14) ** | −0.44 (0.06) ** | −1.47 (0.22) ** |
Power assertion parenting | 0.29 (0.07) ** | 0.62 (0.13) ** | 0.43 (0.06) ** | 1.35 (0.22) ** |
Step 3 (adjusted for socio-demographic, family environment and oral health outcomes) | ||||
Positive parenting | −0.16 (0.07) * | −0.72 (0.14) ** | −0.39 (0.07) ** | −1.27 (0.23) ** |
Power assertion parenting | 0.25 (0.07) ** | 0.54 (0.14) ** | 0.37 (0.06) ** | 1.16 (0.23) ** |
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Aurlene, N.; Tadakamadla, J.; Arora, A.; Sun, J.; Tadakamadla, S.K. The Role of Parenting Practices on the Parent Perceived Impact of Child Oral Health on Family Wellbeing. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031680
Aurlene N, Tadakamadla J, Arora A, Sun J, Tadakamadla SK. The Role of Parenting Practices on the Parent Perceived Impact of Child Oral Health on Family Wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031680
Chicago/Turabian StyleAurlene, Nesa, Jyothi Tadakamadla, Amit Arora, Jing Sun, and Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla. 2022. "The Role of Parenting Practices on the Parent Perceived Impact of Child Oral Health on Family Wellbeing" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031680
APA StyleAurlene, N., Tadakamadla, J., Arora, A., Sun, J., & Tadakamadla, S. K. (2022). The Role of Parenting Practices on the Parent Perceived Impact of Child Oral Health on Family Wellbeing. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1680. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031680