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Article

The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan

by
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail
1,
Abed el Aziz Abed el Rahim Mohamed Ahmed
2,
Seungman Cha
3,4,† and
Yan Jin
5,*,†
1
Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases Control Directorate, Federal Ministry of Health, Khartoum 1111, Sudan
2
Schistosomiasis Research Laboratory, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
3
Department of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Graduate School of Global Development and Entrepreneurship, Handong Global University, Pohang 37554, Korea
4
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
5
Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
The two co-authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1508; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031508
Submission received: 12 December 2021 / Revised: 25 January 2022 / Accepted: 26 January 2022 / Published: 28 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)
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Abstract

Background: The epidemiology of schistosomiasis transmission varies depending on the circumstances of the surrounding water bodies and human behaviors. We aimed to explore cercarial emergence patterns from snails that are naturally affected by human schistosomiasis and non-human trematodes. In addition, this study aimed to explore how schistosomiasis infection affects snail survival, reproduction, and growth. Methods: We measured the survival rate, fecundity, and size of Biomphalaria pfeifferi snails and the cercarial rhythmicity of S. haematobium and S. mansoni. The number of egg masses, eggs per egg mass, and snail deaths were counted for 7 weeks. The survival rate and cumulative hazard were assessed for infected and non-infected snails. Results: S. haematobium and S. mansoni cercariae peaked at 9:00–11:00 a.m. Infection significantly reduced the survival rate of B. pfeifferi, which was 35% and 51% for infected and non-infected snails, respectively (p = 0.02), at 7 weeks after infection. The hazard ratio of death for infected snails compared to non-infected snails was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 1.35–1.99; p = 0.01). Conclusions: An understanding of the dynamics of schistosomiasis transmission will be helpful for formulating schistosomiasis control and elimination strategies. Cercarial rhythmicity can be reflected in health education, and the reproduction and survival rate of infected snails can be used as parameters for developing disease modeling.
Keywords: Biomphalaria pfeifferi; Bulinus truncatus; cercarial rhythmicity; survival rate; cumulative hazard ratio; snail; Sudan; schistosomiasis Biomphalaria pfeifferi; Bulinus truncatus; cercarial rhythmicity; survival rate; cumulative hazard ratio; snail; Sudan; schistosomiasis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ismail, H.A.H.A.; Ahmed, A.e.A.A.e.R.M.; Cha, S.; Jin, Y. The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031508

AMA Style

Ismail HAHA, Ahmed AeAAeRM, Cha S, Jin Y. The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031508

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ismail, Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, Abed el Aziz Abed el Rahim Mohamed Ahmed, Seungman Cha, and Yan Jin. 2022. "The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031508

APA Style

Ismail, H. A. H. A., Ahmed, A. e. A. A. e. R. M., Cha, S., & Jin, Y. (2022). The Life Histories of Intermediate Hosts and Parasites of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni in the White Nile River, Sudan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031508

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