The Association between Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Propensity Score Matching Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection and Measurements
2.3. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.4. Variables
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Linear Regression with Ordinary Least Squares Method
3.3. Propensity Score Matching Analysis
3.4. Subgroup Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Subjects (n = 1618) | Health-Enhancing Physical Activity | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No (906) | Yes (712) | |||
Age (years) | 52.3 ± 12.3 | 52.8 ± 12.4 | 51.7 ± 12.1 | 0.085 |
Female | 605 (37.4%) | 399 (44.0%) | 206 (28.9%) | <0.001 |
Income | 0.002 | |||
Low | 405 (25.0%) | 205 (22.6%) | 200 (28.1%) | |
Middle | 847 (52.3%) | 470 (51.9%) | 377 (52.9%) | |
High | 366 (22.6%) | 231 (25.5%) | 135 (19.0%) | |
Educational status | 0.002 | |||
Below elementary school | 169 (10.4%) | 117 (12.9%) | 52 (7.3%) | |
Middle school | 162 (10.0%) | 93 (10.3%) | 69 (9.7%) | |
High school | 561 (34.7%) | 310 (34.2%) | 251 (35.3%) | |
Above university | 726 (44.9%) | 386 (42.6%) | 340 (47.8%) | |
Marital status | 0.009 | |||
Married | 1339 (82.8%) | 748 (82.6%) | 591 (83.0%) | |
Unmarried | 182 (11.2%) | 91 (10.0%) | 91 (12.8%) | |
Divorced or windowed | 97 (6.0%) | 67 (7.4%) | 30 (4.2%) | |
Employed | 992 (61.3%) | 512 (56.5%) | 480 (67.4%) | <0.001 |
Smoking history | <0.001 | |||
Current | 823 (50.9%) | 498 (55.0%) | 325 (45.6%) | |
Never | 273 (16.9%) | 157 (17.3%) | 116 (16.3%) | |
Ex-smoker | 522 (32.3%) | 251 (27.7%) | 271 (38.1%) | |
Diabetes mellitus | 509 (31.5%) | 310 (34.2%) | 199 (27.9%) | 0.021 |
Hypertension | 1548 (95.7%) | 856 (94.5%) | 692 (97.2%) | 0.011 |
Charlson comorbidity index | 3.0 [2.0; 5.0] | 3.0 [2.0; 5.0] | 3.0 [2.0; 4.0] | 0.01 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.5 ± 3.4 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 24.6 ± 3.3 | 0.239 |
Waist-hip ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.179 |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 12.9 ± 2.0 | 12.7 ± 2.0 | 13.2 ± 2.0 | <0.001 |
Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 0.054 |
Serum uric acid (mg/dL) | 7.0 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 1.9 | 7.0 ± 1.8 | 0.732 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 99.0 [91.0; 111.0] | 99.0 [91.0; 112.0] | 98.5 [92.0; 110.5] | 0.807 |
C-reactive protein | 0.6 [0.2; 1.6] | 0.6 [0.3; 1.6] | 0.6 [0.2; 1.6] | 0.6 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 9.1 ± 0.5 | 9.1 ± 0.6 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 0.013 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.7 ± 0.7 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 48.0 [29.1; 76.3] | 44.2 [27.0; 73.1] | 51.5 [32.1; 77.1] | 0.004 |
CKD stages | 0.002 | |||
1 | 280 (17.3%) | 156 (17.2%) | 124 (17.4%) | |
2 | 306 (18.9%) | 161 (17.8%) | 145 (20.4%) | |
3a | 273 (16.9%) | 130 (14.3%) | 143 (20.1%) | |
3b | 339 (21.0%) | 192 (21.2%) | 147 (20.6%) | |
4 | 320 (19.8%) | 203 (22.4%) | 117 (16.4%) | |
5 | 100 (6.2%) | 64 (7.1%) | 36 (5.1%) | |
Protein to creatinine ratio (g/g Creatinine) | 0.5 [0.1; 1.5] | 0.5 [0.1; 1.6] | 0.5 [0.1; 1.4] | 0.177 |
High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 47.0 [38.0; 58.0] | 47.0 [38.0; 57.0] | 47.0 [39.0; 58.0] | 0.377 |
Low density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 93.0 [73.0; 115.0] | 95.5 [75.0; 118.0] | 91.0 [71.5; 112.0] | 0.002 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 134.0 [94.0; 195.0] | 136.0 [95.0; 198.0] | 130.0 [92.5; 190.0] | 0.38 |
Mean ankle brachial pressure index | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 0.131 |
Bone mineral density (total spine, g/cm2) | −0.1 [−1.0; 0.9] | −0.2 [−1.2; 0.7] | 0.2 [−0.8; 1.1] | <0.001 |
Physical component summary score | 73.5 ± 17.9 | 70.2 ± 18.7 | 77.7 ± 15.7 | <0.001 |
Mental component summary score | 70.5 ± 18.0 | 67.6 ± 18.5 | 74.1 ± 16.6 | <0.001 |
Kidney disease component summary score | 73.2 ± 12.8 | 71.1 ± 12.9 | 76.0 ± 12.2 | <0.001 |
Beta Coefficients | Confidence Interval | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Kidney disease component summary score | 2.56 | 1.496–3.624 | <0.001 |
Symptoms/problem lists | 1.043 | −0.173–2.258 | 0.093 |
Work status | 2.108 | −0.63–4.846 | 0.131 |
Sexual function | 6.577 | 2.526–10.628 | 0.001 |
Physician encouragement | 1.61 | −0.37–3.59 | 0.111 |
Effects of kidney disease | 1.812 | 0.521–3.103 | 0.006 |
Cognitive function | 0.861 | −0.406–2.127 | 0.183 |
Sleep | 2.042 | 0.359–3.725 | 0.017 |
Patient satisfaction | 1.929 | −0.311–4.17 | 0.091 |
Burden of kidney disease | 3.111 | 0.669–5.552 | 0.013 |
Quality of social interaction | 2.046 | 0.418–3.675 | 0.014 |
Social support | 5.022 | 2.731–7.313 | <0.001 |
Physical component summary score | 4.058 | 2.517–5.599 | <0.001 |
Physical function | 3.538 | 2.182–4.895 | <0.001 |
Role-physical | 4.634 | 1.674–7.593 | 0.002 |
Bodily pain | 2.344 | 0.408–4.28 | 0.018 |
General health | 5.717 | 3.695–7.739 | <0.001 |
Mental component summary score | 4.193 | 2.529–5.857 | <0.001 |
Emotional well-being | 4.045 | 2.353–5.736 | <0.001 |
Role-emotional | 2.846 | −0.446–6.139 | 0.09 |
Social function | 3.262 | 1.376–5.148 | 0.001 |
Energy/fatigue | 6.62 | 4.803–8.437 | <0.001 |
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Oh, T.R.; Choi, H.S.; Suh, S.H.; Kim, C.S.; Bae, E.H.; Sung, S.; Han, S.H.; Oh, K.H.; Ma, S.K.; Kim, S.W. The Association between Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Propensity Score Matching Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031318
Oh TR, Choi HS, Suh SH, Kim CS, Bae EH, Sung S, Han SH, Oh KH, Ma SK, Kim SW. The Association between Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Propensity Score Matching Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031318
Chicago/Turabian StyleOh, Tae Ryom, Hong Sang Choi, Sang Heon Suh, Chang Seong Kim, Eun Hui Bae, Suah Sung, Seung Hyeok Han, Kook Hwan Oh, Seong Kwon Ma, and Soo Wan Kim. 2022. "The Association between Health-Enhancing Physical Activity and Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: Propensity Score Matching Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1318. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031318