Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Adolescence as a Critical Period for Development
1.2. Substance Use in Adolescents
1.3. The Impact of COVID-19 Restrictions on Adolescents’ Substance Use
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Procedure
2.2. Instruments
2.2.1. Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT)
2.2.2. Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT)
2.2.3. COVID-19-Related questions
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Swedish High School Students’ Alcohol Use Habits during 2020
3.2. Swedish High School Students’ Drug Use Habits in 2020
3.3. COVID-19-Related Risk Behaviors
4. Discussion
4.1. Alcohol Use among SWEDISH Adolescents during 2020
4.2. Drug Use in a Swedish High School Student Sample
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Female Students | Male Students | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Min–Max | M (SD) | n | Min–Max | M (SD) | ||
1. How often do you have a drink containing alcohol? | 930 | 0–3 | 0.89 (0.80) | 606 | 0–4 | 0.92 (0.88) | 0.79 |
2. How many drinks containing alcohol do you have on a typical day when you are drinking? | 919 | 0–1 | 0.01 (0.11) | 600 | 0–1 | 0.03 (0.18) | 0.004 |
3. How often do you have six or more drinks on one occasion? | 930 | 0–3 | 0.64 (0.75) | 604 | 0–4 | 0.75 (0.82) | 0.012 |
4. How often during the last year have you found that you were not able to stop drinking once you had started? | 927 | 0–4 | 0.14 (0.46) | 603 | 0–3 | 0.12 (0.44) | 0.32 |
5. How often during the last year have you failed to do what was normally expected of you because of drinking? | 925 | 0–4 | 0.18 (0.47) | 601 | 0–4 | 0.19 (0.48) | 0.86 |
6. How often during the last year have you needed a first drink in the morning to get yourself going after a heavy drinking session? | 929 | 0–3 | 0.03 (0.22) | 601 | 0–3 | 0.06 (0.31) | 0.024 |
7. How often during the last year have you had a feeling of guilt or remorse after drinking? | 929 | 0–3 | 0.27 (0.54) | 602 | 0–3 | 0.26 (0.55) | 0.64 |
8. How often during the last year have you been unable to remember what happened the night before because of your drinking? | 926 | 0–4 | 0.31 (0.54) | 601 | 0–3 | 0.34 (0.59) | 0.49 |
9. Have you or someone else been injured because of your drinking? | 936 | 0–4 | 0.23 (0.85) | 601 | 0–4 | 0.27 (0.92) | 0.38 |
10. Has a relative, friend, doctor, or other health care worker been concerned about your drinking or suggested you cut down? | 941 | 0–4 | 0.13 (0.68) | 603 | 0–4 | 0.20 (0.84) | 0.06 |
AUDIT Total | 901 | 0–24 | 2.77 (3.39) | 582 | 0–24 | 3.07 (3.94) | 0.75 |
Cutoff | n | Prevalence | |
---|---|---|---|
(≥) | (%) | ||
Males | 6 | 111 | 19% |
8 * | 76 | 13% | |
Female | 6 * | 139 | 15% |
8 | 80 | 9% |
Item | Female Students | Male Students | p | η2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Min–Max | M (SD) | n | Min–Max | M (SD) | |||
1. How often do you use drugs other than alcohol? | 943 | 0–4 | 0.08 (0.34) | 607 | 0–4 | 0.24 (0.66) | <0.001 | 0.020 |
2. Do you use more than one type of drug on the same occasion? | 869 | 0–2 | 0.02 (0.13) | 563 | 0–3 | 0.07 (0.29) | <0.001 | 0.013 |
3. How many times do you take drugs on a typical day when you use drugs? | 869 | 0–3 | 0.07 (0.28) | 553 | 0–4 | 0.21(0.52) | <0.001 | 0.033 |
4. How often are you influenced heavily by drugs? | 861 | 0–2 | 0.05 (0.24) | 554 | 0–3 | 0.17 (0.58) | <0.001 | 0.026 |
5. Over the past year, have you felt that your longing for drugs was so strong that you could not resist it? | 864 | 0–4 | 0.04 (0.24) | 553 | 0–4 | 0.10 (0.49) | 0.014 | 0.004 |
6. Has it happened, over the past year that you have not been able to stop taking drugs once you started? | 858 | 0–2 | 0.01 (0.10) | 550 | 0–4 | 0.06 (0.40) | 0.001 | 0.009 |
7. How often over the past year have you taken drugs and then neglected to do something you should have done? | 858 | 0–4 | 0.03 (0.22) | 544 | 0–4 | 0.07 (0.35) | 0.003 | 0.006 |
8. How often over the past year have you needed to take a drug the morning after heavy drug use the day before? | 858 | 0–2 | 0.01 (0.10) | 548 | 0–3 | 0.02 (0.19) | 0.05 | 0.003 |
9. How often over the past year have you had guilt feelings or a bad conscience because you used drugs? | 850 | 0–4 | 0.05 (0.31) | 540 | 0–4 | 0.13 (0.53) | <0.001 | 0.009 |
10. Have you or anyone else been hurt (mentally or physically) because you used drugs? | 861 | 0–4 | 0.04 (0.39) | 553 | 0–4 | 0.09 (0.56) | 0.030 | 0.003 |
11. Has a relative or a friend, a doctor or a nurse, or anyone else, been worried about your drug use or said to you that you should stop using drugs? | 860 | 0–4 | 0.06 (0.44) | 552 | 0–4 | 0.17 (0.73) | <0.001 | 0.009 |
DUDIT Total | 822 | 0–23 | 0.46 (1.92) | 520 | 0–29 | 1.38 (3.81) | <0.001 | 0.027 |
Cutoff | n | Prevalence | |
---|---|---|---|
(≥) | (%) | ||
Male students | 2 | 106 | 20% |
6 * | 40 | 8% | |
Female students | 2 * | 72 | 9% |
6 | 20 | 2% |
I Did Not before and Haven’t Started after | Decreased Since the Outbreak | About the Same as before the Outbreak | Increased Since the Outbreak | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Consuming Alcohol | Male (n = 599) | 40.2% | 23.4% | 18.4% | 18.0% |
Female (n = 929) | 39.1% | 23.5% | 20.2% | 17.1% | |
Illicit drug use | Male (n = 599) | 84.1% | 4.1% | 4.7% | 7.0% |
Female (n = 937) | 91.6% | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.6% |
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Sfendla, A.; Bador, K.; Paganelli, M.; Kerekes, N. Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416928
Sfendla A, Bador K, Paganelli M, Kerekes N. Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416928
Chicago/Turabian StyleSfendla, Anis, Kourosh Bador, Michela Paganelli, and Nóra Kerekes. 2022. "Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416928
APA StyleSfendla, A., Bador, K., Paganelli, M., & Kerekes, N. (2022). Swedish High School Students’ Drug and Alcohol Use Habits throughout 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416928