Simulation on the Permeability Evaluation of a Hybrid Liner for the Prevention of Contaminant Diffusion in Soils Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Hybrid Liner
2.2. Experiment
2.3. Numerical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Permeability Evaluation of Hybrid Liner
3.2. Evaluation of the TPH Diffusion, According to the Reaction Time of the Hybrid Liner and TPH
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- According to the results of the permeability tests on a hybrid liner that was made to react with TPH over time at a constant head-difference condition, the hybrid liner performed effectively as an impermeable material under the condition of the 4 h reaction time between TPH and the hybrid liner. These results show that the polynorbornene used as a reactant was completely gelated after 4 h, even when restrained by geosynthetics, demonstrating that it is sufficiently applicable as a liner material.
- (2)
- According to numerical analysis-based simulation results evaluating the TPH diffusion with respect to the hybrid liner-TPH reaction time, for all concentration conditions, the concentration decreased, compared to the initial concentration as the hybrid liner-TPH reaction time increased, regardless of the head-difference and the observation point. In particular, at hybrid liner-TPH reaction times of 4 h or more, the concentration reduction ratio, compared to the initial concentration, was 99% to 100%. This indicates that when the hybrid liner-TPH reaction time is 4 h or more, the hybrid liner is able to prevent the TPH diffusion by forming an impermeable layer that can block TPH.
- (3)
- According to an evaluation of the observation point distance, excluding the conditions of a hybrid liner-TPH reaction time of 4 h or more, where the concentration reduction ratio is 99 to 100%, the concentration diffusion of TPH that leaked in the soil and penetrated the hybrid liner decreased as the physical distance and the hybrid liner-TPH reaction time increased. This demonstrates that a numerical analysis model is sufficiently feasible for predicting the TPH diffusion, according to the distance from where the hybrid liner is installed.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Classification | Reaction Time of the Hybrid Liner and TPH (H) | Specimen Length (L, cm) | Specimen Area (A, cm2) | Total Head (Δh, cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
case 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 78.5 | 15 |
case 2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 78.5 | |
case 3 | 4 | 0.9 | 78.5 | |
case 4 | 24 | 1.1 | 78.5 | |
case 5 | 48 | 1.5 | 78.5 |
Classification | TPH Inlet Box | Soils |
---|---|---|
Porosity | 0.9 | 0.25 |
Horizontal permeability coefficient (cm/s) | 1 | 1.0 × 10−4 |
Vertical permeability coefficient (cm/s) | 1 | 1.0 × 10−4 |
Specific storativity (m−1) | 10−5 | 1.0 × 10−5 |
Specific yield | 0.9 | 0.15 |
Flow time of TPH (H) | 96 |
Classification | Initial Concentration of TPH (ppm) | Reaction Time of the TPH–Hybrid Liner (H) | Head Condition (ΔP, kPa) | Permeability of the Hybrid Liner (cm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
HC 0.0-1 | 6000 | 0 | 45 | 9.17 × 10−4 |
HC 0.0-2 | 75 | 7.53 × 10−4 | ||
HC 0.0-3 | 105 | 6.46 × 10−4 | ||
HC 0.5-1 | 0.5 | 45 | 3.33 × 10−6 | |
HC 0.5-2 | 75 | 2.17 × 10−6 | ||
HC 0.5-3 | 105 | 2.06 × 10−6 | ||
HC 4.0-1 | 4 | 45 | 2.69 × 10−8 | |
HC 4.0-2 | 75 | 1.78 × 10−8 | ||
HC 4.0-3 | 105 | 1.58 × 10−8 | ||
HC 24.0-1 | 24 | 45 | 2.68 × 10−8 | |
HC 24.0-2 | 75 | 1.64 × 10−8 | ||
HC 24.0-3 | 105 | 1.54 × 10−8 | ||
MC 0.0-1 | 2000 | 0 | 45 | 9.17 × 10−4 |
MC 0.0-2 | 75 | 7.53 × 10−4 | ||
MC 0.0-3 | 105 | 6.46 × 10−4 | ||
MC 0.5-1 | 0.5 | 45 | 3.33 × 10−6 | |
MC 0.5-2 | 75 | 2.17 × 10−6 | ||
MC 0.5-3 | 105 | 2.06 × 10−6 | ||
MC 4.0-1 | 4 | 45 | 2.69 × 10−8 | |
MC 4.0-2 | 75 | 1.78 × 10−8 | ||
MC 4.0-3 | 105 | 1.58 × 10−8 | ||
MC 24.0-1 | 24 | 45 | 2.68 × 10−8 | |
MC 24.0-2 | 75 | 1.64 × 10−8 | ||
MC 24.0-3 | 105 | 1.54 × 10−8 | ||
LC 0.0-1 | 500 | 0 | 45 | 9.17 × 10−4 |
LC 0.0-2 | 75 | 7.53 × 10−4 | ||
LC 0.0-3 | 105 | 6.46 × 10−4 | ||
LC 0.5-1 | 0.5 | 45 | 3.33 × 10−6 | |
LC 0.5-2 | 75 | 2.17 × 10−6 | ||
LC 0.5-3 | 105 | 2.06 × 10−6 | ||
LC 4.0-1 | 4 | 45 | 2.69 × 10−8 | |
LC 4.0-2 | 75 | 1.78 × 10−8 | ||
LC 4.0-3 | 105 | 1.58 × 10−8 | ||
LC 24.0-1 | 24 | 45 | 2.68 × 10−8 | |
LC 24.0-2 | 75 | 1.64 × 10−8 | ||
LC 24.0-3 | 105 | 1.54 × 10−8 |
Classification | Reactive Time of the Hybrid Liner and TPH (H) | Specimen Length (L, cm) | Permeability Coefficient (k, cm/s) | Mean Value of k (cm/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
case 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 1.18 × 10−3 | 1.11 × 10−3 |
1.08 × 10−3 | ||||
1.07 × 10−3 | ||||
case 2 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 8.82 × 10−5 | 8.63 × 10−5 |
8.56 × 10−5 | ||||
8.51 × 10−5 | ||||
case 3 | 4 | 0.9 | 7.60 × 10−7 | 7.64 × 10−7 |
7.66 × 10−7 | ||||
7.62 × 10−7 | ||||
case 4 | 24 | 1.1 | 1.67 × 10−8 | 1.65 × 10−8 |
1.58 × 10−8 | ||||
1.70 × 10−8 | ||||
case 5 | 48 | 1.5 | 1.64 × 10−8 | 1.64 × 10−8 |
1.61 × 10−8 | ||||
1.68 × 10−8 |
Classification | Maximum Concentration (ppm) | Reduction Ratio of the Concentration (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | |
HC 0.0-1 | 5248.9 | 4930.0 | 5247.5 | 4676.3 | 12.5 | 17.8 | 12.5 | 22.1 |
HC 0.0-2 | 5078.8 | 4303.4 | 5072.3 | 4652.8 | 15.4 | 28.3 | 15.5 | 22.5 |
HC 0.0-3 | 5063.0 | 4283.7 | 5061.7 | 4620.3 | 15.6 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 23.0 |
HC 0.5-1 | 4985.8 | 4220.8 | 4984.2 | 4558.7 | 16.9 | 29.7 | 16.9 | 24.0 |
HC 0.5-2 | 4379.6 | 3038.4 | 4379.2 | 3636.1 | 27.0 | 49.4 | 27.0 | 39.4 |
HC 0.5-3 | 4200.9 | 2508.5 | 4197.7 | 3298.4 | 30.0 | 58.2 | 30.0 | 45.0 |
HC 4.0-1 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 46.1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.2 | 100.0 |
HC 4.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
HC 4.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
HC 24.0-1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 30.4 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 |
HC 24.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.7 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
HC 24.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Classification | Maximum Concentration (ppm) | Reduction Ratio of the Concentration (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | |
MC 0.0-1 | 1760.6 | 1584.2 | 1760.5 | 1660.7 | 12.0 | 20.8 | 12.0 | 17.0 |
MC 0.0-2 | 1696.2 | 1438.2 | 1693.9 | 1554.5 | 15.2 | 28.1 | 15.3 | 22.3 |
MC 0.0-3 | 1687.9 | 1427.9 | 1687.5 | 1540.7 | 15.6 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 23.0 |
MC 0.5-1 | 1660.5 | 1404.0 | 1660.1 | 1517.5 | 17.0 | 29.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 |
MC 0.5-2 | 1453.2 | 997.7 | 1453.0 | 1201.2 | 27.3 | 50.1 | 27.4 | 39.9 |
MC 0.5-3 | 1405.3 | 845.5 | 1404.3 | 1105.7 | 29.7 | 57.7 | 29.8 | 44.7 |
MC 4.0-1 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 15.4 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.2 | 100.0 |
MC 4.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
MC 4.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
MC 24.0-1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 |
MC 24.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
MC 24.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Classification | Maximum Concentration (ppm) | Reduction Ratio of the Concentration (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | Point 1 | Point 2 | Point 3 | Point 4 | |
LC 0.0-1 | 440.2 | 396.0 | 440.1 | 415.2 | 12.0 | 20.8 | 12.0 | 17.0 |
LC 0.0-2 | 422.0 | 357.0 | 421.9 | 385.2 | 15.6 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 23.0 |
LC 0.0-3 | 424.1 | 359.5 | 423.5 | 388.6 | 15.2 | 28.1 | 15.3 | 22.3 |
LC 0.5-1 | 415.1 | 351.0 | 415.0 | 379.4 | 17.0 | 29.8 | 17.0 | 24.1 |
LC 0.5-2 | 363.3 | 249.4 | 363.3 | 300.3 | 27.3 | 50.1 | 27.4 | 39.9 |
LC 0.5-3 | 351.3 | 211.4 | 351.1 | 276.4 | 29.7 | 57.7 | 29.8 | 44.7 |
LC 4.0-1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.2 | 100.0 |
LC 4.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
LC 4.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
LC 24.0-1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.5 | 100.0 |
LC 24.0-2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | 100.0 |
LC 24.0-3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
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Park, J.; Hong, G. Simulation on the Permeability Evaluation of a Hybrid Liner for the Prevention of Contaminant Diffusion in Soils Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 13710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013710
Park J, Hong G. Simulation on the Permeability Evaluation of a Hybrid Liner for the Prevention of Contaminant Diffusion in Soils Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(20):13710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013710
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Jeongjun, and Gigwon Hong. 2022. "Simulation on the Permeability Evaluation of a Hybrid Liner for the Prevention of Contaminant Diffusion in Soils Contaminated with Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20: 13710. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013710