Kinematic and Kinetic Gait Parameters Can Distinguish between Idiopathic and Neurologic Toe-Walking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Gait Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Discriminant Factor Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Investigated Limbs | Age | Gender | Max. Dorsiflexion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | >5° | 0–5° | (−5)–0° | <−5° | |||
ITW | 24 | 8.9 | 2.4 | f = 7, m = 5 | 4 | 11 | 4 | 5 |
CP | 24 | 8.4 | 2.4 | f = 7, m = 5 | 4 | 11 | 2 | 7 |
Control | 24 | 9.3 | 2.4 | f = 6, m = 6 | 24 |
Parameter | Phase | Unit | Control | ITW | CP | ITW = CP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | p-Value | ||||
Stride length | cm | 113 | 19 | 102 | 15 | 88 | 19 | 0.006 | ||
Cadance | Steps/min | 15 | 135 | 30 | 139 | 38 | 0.875 | |||
Gait Speed | cm/s | 124 | 25 | 119 | 8.0 | 113 | 30 | 0.050 | ||
Length of Stance Phase | % GC | 59 | 3.4 | 60 | 2.2 | 63 | 2.7 | 0.034 | ||
Length of Swing Phase | % GC | 41 | 3.4 | 40 | 2.2 | 37 | 2.7 | 0.034 | ||
Max. Ankle DF | ° | 17 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 8.9 | 0.088 | ||
Max. Ankle PF | ° | −11 | 10 | −27 | 13 | −22 | 11 | 0.123 | ||
Time Point of max. Ankle DF | % GC | 44 | 8 | 16 | 26 | 20 | 32 | 0.041 | ||
Time Point of max. Ankle PF | % GC | 63 | 4 | 63 | 2 | 65 | 2 | 0.011 | ||
Ankle Angle | DS1 | ° | 2.1 | 2.8 | −1.8 | 9.0 | 2.3 | 12 | 0.001 | * |
Max. Ankle Moment | Nm/kg | 1.2 | 0.31 | 1.2 | 0.32 | 0.90 | 0.30 | 0.002 | ||
Max. Generation of Ankle Power | M | W/kg | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 0.99 | 0.80 | 0.67 | 0.001 | * |
Ankle Power | DS1 | W/kg | −0.21 | 0.16 | −1.3 | 1.2 | −0.15 | 0.96 | <0.001 | * |
Ankle Power | DS2 | W/kg | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.92 | 0.44 | 0.64 | <0.001 | * |
Foot Progression Angle | M | ° | −7.7 | 12 | −4.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 16 | <0.001 | * |
Max. Knee Flexion | ° | 62 | 5.1 | 55 | 7.1 | 53 | 9.2 | 0.168 | ||
Max. Knee Extension | ° | 5.8 | 4.6 | 1.7 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 13 | 0.709 | ||
Time Point of max. Knee Flexion | % GC | 71 | 2 | 73 | 2 | 77 | 10 | <0.001 | * | |
Time Point of max. Knee Extension | % GC | 97 | 57 | 42 | 58 | 38 | 6 | 0.007 | ||
Knee Angle | IC | ° | 8.6 | 6.1 | 5.7 | 3.2 | 18 | 27 | <0.001 | * |
Parameter | Phase | Cond. log. reg. | Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pseudo R2 | AUC | Bootstrap Std.Err. * | Youden’s Index | Cutpoint | Sensitivity | Specificity | |||
ITW identification | Max. Ankle Power | M | 0.14 | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.64 | 1.0 | 91% | 73% |
Max. Ankle Power | Stance | 0.20 | 0.79 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 2.1 | 77% | 77% | |
Ankle Power | DS2 | 0.25 | 0.84 | 0.06 | 0.68 | 0.88 | 82% | 86% | |
CP identification | Ankle Power | DS1 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.59 | −0.34 | 86% | 73% |
Foot Progression Angle | M | 0.28 | 0.82 | 0.07 | 0.55 | 2.0 | 82% | 73% | |
Time Point of max. Knee Flexion | ISw | 0.68 | 0.96 | 0.03 | 0.82 | 75 | 95% | 86% | |
Knee Angle | IC | 0.33 | 0.80 | 0.07 | 0.63 | 9.3 | 91% | 73% |
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Habersack, A.; Fischerauer, S.F.; Kraus, T.; Holzer, H.-P.; Svehlik, M. Kinematic and Kinetic Gait Parameters Can Distinguish between Idiopathic and Neurologic Toe-Walking. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020804
Habersack A, Fischerauer SF, Kraus T, Holzer H-P, Svehlik M. Kinematic and Kinetic Gait Parameters Can Distinguish between Idiopathic and Neurologic Toe-Walking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020804
Chicago/Turabian StyleHabersack, Andreas, Stefan Franz Fischerauer, Tanja Kraus, Hans-Peter Holzer, and Martin Svehlik. 2022. "Kinematic and Kinetic Gait Parameters Can Distinguish between Idiopathic and Neurologic Toe-Walking" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020804