The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Research Material
2.3. Sample Extraction
2.4. Determination of Squalene Content Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method (HPLC)
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | n = 100 |
---|---|
Age, year | |
18–25 | 32 |
26–33 | 39 |
34–44 | 29 |
Stage of lactation | |
1st | 33 |
2nd | 39 |
3rd and 4th | 28 |
BMI, kg/m2 | |
<18.5 (underweight) | 9 |
18.5–24.99 (normal weight) | 52 |
25.0–29.99 (overweight) | 34 |
>30 (obese) | 5 |
Sample | Fat | Cholesterol | Squalene | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(g/100 mL) Mean (Range) | (mg/100 mL) Mean (Range) | (mg/100 g Fat) Mean (Range) | ||
Human milk | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 16.50 (10.0–23.0) | 16.93 (5.43–57.73) | |
Infant formula | A | 3.4 (3.2–3.6) | 2.48 (1.1–6.7) | <0.208 |
B | 3.3 (3.1–3.5) | 5.45 (4.6–6.5) | <0.208 | |
C | 3.5 (3.2–3.7) | 0.93 (0.4–1.3) | <0.208 |
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Purkiewicz, A.; Czaplicki, S.; Pietrzak-Fiećko, R. The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912928
Purkiewicz A, Czaplicki S, Pietrzak-Fiećko R. The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912928
Chicago/Turabian StylePurkiewicz, Aleksandra, Sylwester Czaplicki, and Renata Pietrzak-Fiećko. 2022. "The Occurrence of Squalene in Human Milk and Infant Formula" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12928. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912928