Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities: Evaluating Change over Time in a Sample of Older Adults Undergoing an Assessment Regarding Fitness to Drive
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Study Design
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Time 1 | Time 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Restricted | Unrestricted | Restricted | Unrestricted | |||||
Measure | M (SD) | T (SD) | M (SD) | T (SD) | M (SD) | T (SD) | M (SD) | T (SD) |
Reaction Time | ||||||||
Decision time (msec) | 736 (214) | 42 (8) | 566 (140) | 51 (9) | 657 (233) | 46 (9) | 545 (148) | 54 (12) |
Decision time variability (msec) | 146 (81) | 46 (9) | 119 (78) | 51 (11) | 133 (68) | 47 (11) | 89 (35) | 55 (11) |
Motor speed (msec) | 306 (93) | 47 (8) | 265 (87) | 51 (11) | 298 (93) | 47 (9) | 256 (58) | 51 (7) |
Reaction Time under Stress | ||||||||
Correct responses | 105 (33) | 44 (10) | 134 (34) | 51 (7) | 104 (36) | 44 (10) | 122 (44) | 48 (9) |
Selective Attention | ||||||||
Time correct rejection | 6.17 (2.71) | 36 (10) | 4.36 (1.67) | 49 (14) | 6.09 (2.58) | 33 (12) | 5.00 (2.83) | 43 (12) |
Obtaining an overview | ||||||||
Parameter | −1.64 (0.97) | - | −0.71 (1.19) | - | −1.66 (1.05) | - | −1.42 (0.99) | - |
Inductive reasoning | 26.83 (4.79) | - | 30.29 (4.16) | - | 24.31 (5.38) | - | 28.69 (4.85) | - |
Measure | F | df | dferror | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Decision Time | |||||
Time | 7.57 | 1 | 54 | 0.008 | 0.123 |
Time × Restrictions | 0.32 | 1 | 54 | 0.572 | 0.006 |
Restrictions | 13.25 | 1 | 54 | 0.001 | 0.197 |
Age | 0.29 | 1 | 51 | 0.591 | 0.006 |
Education | 1.10 | 1 | 51 | 0.299 | 0.021 |
Interval T1–T2 | 0.35 | 1 | 51 | 0.553 | 0.007 |
Time × Age | 4.09 | 1 | 51 | 0.049 | 0.074 |
Time × Education | 1.76 | 1 | 51 | 0.191 | 0.033 |
Time × Interval | 0.34 | 1 | 51 | 0.560 | 0.007 |
Decision Time Variability | |||||
Time | 3.33 | 1 | 54 | 0.074 | 0.058 |
Time × Restrictions | 1.11 | 1 | 54 | 0.298 | 0.020 |
Restrictions | 6.73 | 1 | 54 | 0.012 | 0.111 |
Age | 0.46 | 1 | 51 | 0.500 | 0.009 |
Education | 0.13 | 1 | 51 | 0.716 | 0.003 |
Interval T1–T2 | 1.45 | 1 | 51 | 0.233 | 0.028 |
Time × Age | 4.37 | 1 | 51 | 0.042 | 0.079 |
Time × Education | 6.39 | 1 | 51 | 0.015 | 0.111 |
Time × Interval | 0.70 | 1 | 51 | 0.407 | 0.014 |
Motor Time | |||||
Time | 0.02 | 1 | 54 | 0.890 | 0.000 |
Time × Restrictions | 0.10 | 1 | 54 | 0.748 | 0.000 |
Restrictions | 3.76 | 1 | 54 | 0.058 | 0.065 |
Age | 0.03 | 1 | 51 | 0.873 | 0.001 |
Education | 0.76 | 1 | 51 | 0.387 | 0.015 |
Interval T1–T2 | 0.39 | 1 | 51 | 0.534 | 0.008 |
Time × Age | 0.87 | 1 | 51 | 0.356 | 0.017 |
Time × Education | 0.80 | 1 | 51 | 0.374 | 0.016 |
Time × Interval | 0.18 | 1 | 51 | 0.779 | 0.002 |
Reaction Time under Stress | |||||
Time | 1.79 | 1 | 51 | 0.187 | 0.034 |
Time × Restrictions | 1.79 | 1 | 51 | 0.187 | 0.034 |
Restrictions | 4.15 | 1 | 51 | 0.047 | 0.075 |
Age | 8.41 | 1 | 48 | 0.006 | 0.149 |
Education | 0.66 | 1 | 48 | 0.420 | 0.014 |
Interval T1–T2 | 4.22 | 1 | 48 | 0.045 | 0.081 |
Time × Age | 0.12 | 1 | 48 | 0.734 | 0.002 |
Time × Education | 0.04 | 1 | 48 | 0.846 | 0.001 |
Time × Interval | 1.08 | 1 | 48 | 0.304 | 0.022 |
Selective Attention | |||||
Time | 12.63 | 1 | 44 | 0.001 | 0.223 |
Time × Restrictions | 2.25 | 1 | 44 | 0.141 | 0.049 |
Restrictions | 11.98 | 1 | 44 | 0.001 | 0.214 |
Age | 3.04 | 1 | 41 | 0.089 | 0.069 |
Education | 0.00 | 1 | 41 | 0.955 | 0.000 |
Interval T1–T2 | 0.01 | 1 | 41 | 0.937 | 0.000 |
Time × Age | 0.14 | 1 | 41 | 0.713 | 0.003 |
Time × Education | 0.23 | 1 | 41 | 0.635 | 0.006 |
Time × Interval | 4.10 | 1 | 41 | 0.050 | 0.091 |
Perceptual Overview | |||||
Time | 3.16 | 1 | 56 | 0.081 | 0.053 |
Time × Restrictions | 3.11 | 1 | 56 | 0.097 | 0.048 |
Restrictions | 7.89 | 1 | 56 | 0.008 | 0.120 |
Age | 0.89 | 1 | 53 | 0.351 | 0.016 |
Education | 1.48 | 1 | 53 | 0.230 | 0.027 |
Interval T1–T2 | 0.00 | 1 | 53 | 0.957 | 0.000 |
Time × Age | 0.04 | 1 | 53 | 0.853 | 0.001 |
Time × Education | 4.52 | 1 | 53 | 0.038 | 0.079 |
Time × Interval | 0.09 | 1 | 53 | 0.771 | 0.002 |
Inductive Reasoning | |||||
Time | 4.57 | 1 | 43 | 0.038 | 0.096 |
Time × Restrictions | 0.14 | 1 | 43 | 0.706 | 0.003 |
Restrictions | 8.11 | 1 | 43 | 0.007 | 0.159 |
Age | 1.77 | 1 | 40 | 0.191 | 0.042 |
Education | 6.82 | 1 | 40 | 0.013 | 0.146 |
Interval T1–T2 | 13.53 | 1 | 40 | 0.001 | 0.253 |
Time × Age | 0.69 | 1 | 40 | 0.410 | 0.017 |
Time × Education | 2.36 | 1 | 40 | 0.132 | 0.056 |
Time × Interval | 1.11 | 1 | 40 | 0.298 | 0.027 |
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Balzarotti, S.; Pagani, E.; Telazzi, I.; Gnerre, M.; Biassoni, F. Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities: Evaluating Change over Time in a Sample of Older Adults Undergoing an Assessment Regarding Fitness to Drive. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912806
Balzarotti S, Pagani E, Telazzi I, Gnerre M, Biassoni F. Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities: Evaluating Change over Time in a Sample of Older Adults Undergoing an Assessment Regarding Fitness to Drive. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912806
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalzarotti, Stefania, Eleonora Pagani, Ilaria Telazzi, Martina Gnerre, and Federica Biassoni. 2022. "Driving-Related Cognitive Abilities: Evaluating Change over Time in a Sample of Older Adults Undergoing an Assessment Regarding Fitness to Drive" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12806. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912806