Surveying and Modelling 21st Century Online Learning Patterns of Medical Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Composition of the 21st Century Online Learning Survey (21 CLS) for Medical Students
1.2. Intercorrelations of the 21 CLS Components
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Instrument
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analyses for the 21 CLS
3.3. Agreement with 21 CLS for Medical Students, Subscale Intercorrelations and Internal Consistency
3.4. Structural Equation Model for Exploring the Patterns of Medical Students’ 21st Century Online Learning Practices
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Mean | SD | Skew * | Kurt * | Item Loading |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Collaborative Learning and Professionalism (CoL) | Cronbach’s α = 0.92, CR = 0.92, AVE = 0.73 | ||||
1. In this class, my classmates and I discuss different views we have and about things we are learning. | 4.75 | 1.34 | −0.53 | −0.14 | 0.87 |
2. In this class, I get helpful comments about my work from other classmates. | 4.61 | 1.36 | −0.47 | −0.15 | 0.83 |
3. In this class, my classmates and I actively work together to learn new things. | 4.74 | 1.35 | −0.51 | −0.15 | 0.89 |
4. In this class, my classmates and I actively share and explain our understanding. | 4.77 | 1.30 | −0.50 | −0.16 | 0.83 |
Critical Thinking (CriT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.91, CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.73 | ||||
1. In this class, I distinguish what is supported by evidence and what is not. | 5.12 | 1.09 | −0.53 | 0.67 | 0.76 |
2. In this class, I think about other possible ways of understanding what I am learning. | 5.22 | 1.12 | −0.68 | 0.90 | 0.88 |
3. In this class, I evaluate different opinions to see which one makes more sense. | 5.21 | 1.13 | −0.67 | 1.08 | 0.91 |
4. In this class, I decide what kind of information can be trusted. | 5.15 | 1.09 | −0.62 | 0.77 | 0.85 |
Self-Directed Learning (SDL) | Cronbach’s α = 0.93, CR = 0.91, AVE = 0.71 | ||||
1. In this class, I set goals for my studying. | 5.47 | 1.24 | −0.87 | 0.86 | 0.86 |
2. In this class, I check my progress when I study. | 5.47 | 1.13 | −0.82 | 1.29 | 0.85 |
3. In this class, I think about different ways or methods I can use to improve my study. | 5.54 | 1.16 | −0.85 | 1.18 | 0.82 |
4. In this class, I reflect on the ways I study. | 5.53 | 1.12 | −0.76 | 1.10 | 0.84 |
Creative Thinking (CreT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.95, CR = 0.84, AVE = 0.95 | ||||
1. In this class, I suggest new ways of doing things. | 4.38 | 1.39 | −0.24 | −0.28 | 0.92 |
2. In this class, I design objects that may be helpful. | 4.18 | 1.49 | −0.25 | −0.39 | 0.87 |
3. In this class, I produce ideas that are likely to be useful. | 4.49 | 1.36 | −0.40 | 0.05 | 0.94 |
4. In this class, I develop innovative ideas. | 4.26 | 1.41 | −0.24 | −0.24 | 0.92 |
Meaningful Learning with ICT (MLT) | Cronbach’s α = 0.90, CR = 0.95, AVE = 0.83 | ||||
1. In this class, my classmates and I actively communicate online (e.g., LMS, Discussion Forum, Facebook, Wiki, WhatsApp, WeChat etc.) to learn new things together. | 5.29 | 1.22 | −0.74 | 0.60 | 0.65 |
2. In this class, I find out useful information on the Internet to facilitate my learning. | 5.69 | 1.17 | −0.83 | 0.45 | 0.89 |
3. In this class, I use the computer to organize, retrieve and save the information for my learning. (e.g., Blackboard.) | 5.72 | 1.15 | −0.75 | 0.40 | 0.88 |
4. In this class, I can use information technology to access accurate and reliable medical information. | 5.68 | 1.12 | −0.92 | 0.95 | 0.91 |
Authentic Problem Solving (APS) | Cronbach’s α = 0.94, CR = 0.93, AVE = 0.77 | ||||
1. In this class, I learn about real-life problems. | 5.34 | 1.14 | −0.74 | 1.06 | 0.89 |
2. In this class, I investigate the reasons that give rise to real-world problems. | 5.28 | 1.17 | −0.66 | 0.66 | 0.90 |
3. In this class, I apply the knowledge I have to solve real-life problems. | 5.22 | 1.15 | −0.49 | 0.52 | 0.89 |
4. In this class, I can simultaneously apply and integrate the medical knowledge I learn to diagnose a problem. | 5.24 | 1.15 | −0.53 | 0.52 | 0.82 |
Ability of using Basic Science in the Practice of Medicine (ABS) | Cronbach’s α = 0.93, CR = 0.89, AVE = 0.63 | ||||
1. I am able to describe the normal structure, function, and development of the human body. | 5.22 | 1.01 | −0.39 | 0.42 | 0.80 |
2. I can describe the risk factors, pathophysiologic mechanisms, structural and functional changes, and consequences of the underlying health problem. | 5.02 | 1.14 | −0.70 | 0.95 | 0.84 |
3. I can develop a therapeutic plan, incorporating risks and benefits, based on the mechanistic understanding of disease pathogenesis. | 4.57 | 1.38 | −0.59 | 0.02 | 0.87 |
4. I can measure and analyze the effectiveness of an applied intervention. | 4.58 | 1.36 | −0.56 | 0.14 | 0.88 |
5. I can articulate the pathophysiologic and pharmacologic rationales for the chosen therapy and expected outcomes at an appropriate level. | 4.62 | 1.33 | −0.61 | 0.31 | 0.52 |
Factor | CoL | CriT | SDL | CreT | MLT | APS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CriT | 0.54 ** | |||||
SDL | 0.43 ** | 0.60 ** | ||||
CreT | 0.49 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.38 ** | |||
MLT | 0.65 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.68 ** | 0.24 ** | ||
APS | 0.43 ** | 0.57 ** | 0.59 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.62 ** | |
ABS | 0.29 ** | 0.44 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.44 ** |
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Liang, S.; Chai, C.S.; Lee, V.W.Y. Surveying and Modelling 21st Century Online Learning Patterns of Medical Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912648
Liang S, Chai CS, Lee VWY. Surveying and Modelling 21st Century Online Learning Patterns of Medical Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912648
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Siya, Ching Sing Chai, and Vivian W. Y. Lee. 2022. "Surveying and Modelling 21st Century Online Learning Patterns of Medical Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12648. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912648