Heuristic Learning as a Method for Improving Students’ Teamwork Skills in Physical Education
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the body and its relationship with space and time;
- body language as a communicative–expressive modality;
- play, sport, rules, and fair play; and
- health, wellness, prevention, and safety.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
- The HEUR-L group (n = 46; 9.4 ± 0.5 years old), consisted of students from two fourth and fifth grade classes; during one hour of PE per week for 3 months, the activities of the students were considered using the heuristic learning method, which is based on ecological-dynamic approach.
- The PRES-T group (n = 54; 9.5 ± 0.5 years old) consisted of students from two fourth and fifth grade classes; during one hour of PE per week for 3 months, the activities of the students were considered using the prescriptive teaching method, which is based on a cognitive approach.
2.2. Educational Intervention
2.2.1. Intervention in the HEUR-L Group
2.2.2. Intervention in the PRES-T Group
2.3. Data Collection
- Item 1: I accept suggestions for improvement from others.
- Item 2: I help build team/group spirit.
- Item 3: I work well within a team/group.
- Item 4: I suggest to my team/group members how they can improve their performance.
- Item 5: I help another member of my team/group perform a task.
- Item 6: I change the way I work for the good of the team/group.
- Item 7: I work with others for the good of my team/group.
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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HEUR-L Group | PRES-T Group | |
---|---|---|
General and specific warm-up phase(20 min) | After an initial brainstorming on the exercises that could be performed for a proper warm-up, the children formed a circle and alternated (one per lesson) in playing the role of coaches, offering some sequences of exercises to warm up. The PE teacher set up half motor circuits with sports equipment (cones, chines, balls of different size/texture, obstacles), including propaedeutic exercises for soccer, volleyball, and basketball. The teacher’s task was limited to specifying the starting point and the finishing point. | The PE teacher positioned the children in a circle to perform some sequences of exercises to warm up. The children imitated what the teacher demonstrated. The PE teacher set up half motor circuits with sports equipment (cones, chines, balls of different size/consistency, obstacles), including propaedeutic exercises for soccer, volleyball, and basketball. The teacher’s task was to explain and demonstrate the individual stations (by blocks and then by linking them) before the children’s performance. |
Central phase (30 min) | The PE teacher sets up two activities of 15 min each. Two volunteer children played the role of captain; they were responsible for choosing and managing their team. | The PE teacher set up two activities of 15 min each, dividing the children into two teams and choosing two captains. |
Game 1: basketball Aim: to work on dribbling and shooting in basketball; decision making under time pressure. (1) Brainstorming on the game of tris and basketball fundamentals; (2) Video tutorial on the game of tris through an interactive whiteboard; (3) The children assembled a motor path to start playing. Game 2: volleyball S3 Aim: to apply the rotation rule in volleyball. (1) Brainstorming on the general rules for playing volleyball; (2) Video tutorial on the rotation rule in volleyball through an interactive whiteboard; (3) The children set up the court by assembling the net and marking its boundaries with cones. Then, two captains placed their players in the six areas. Once the game started, at the appropriate time, the children tried to apply the rule that was previously observed. The PE teacher was limited to the roles of observing, providing some suggestions, and, in case of a mistakes, asking the children for reasons and never providing the solutions. The questions asked included: “Which team did service?” and “Which direction do you rotate?” | Game 1: basketball The PE teacher set up and explained the game for the children to perform. The game was divided by blocks to facilitate understanding: dribbling to the basket, shooting at the basket, running to tris patterns, and inserting the cone. Game 2: volleyball S3 The PE teacher, after setting up the volleyball court, explained the rotation rule. Before starting the game, the teacher had one team practice at a time so that everyone memorized the rule. When it came time to rotate, the teacher gave the command so that the children could execute it. | |
Cool-down phase (10 min) | Circle time: the children formed a circle and, in turns, explained their reflections on the content of the lessons. | Relaxing exercises were demonstrated by the PE teacher. |
HEUR-L Group | PRES-T Group | |
---|---|---|
Participants | Participants | |
Gender | ||
Male | 23 (50%) | 26 (48.1%) |
Female | 23 (50%) | 28 (51.9%) |
Weight | ||
Overweight | 8 (17.4%) | 8 (14.8%) |
Normal | 33 (71.7%) | 42 (77.8%) |
Underweight | 5 (10.9%) | 4 (7.4%) |
Class | ||
Fourth (9 years old) | 24 (52.2%) | 28 (51.9%) |
Fifth (10 years old) | 22 (47.8%) | 26 (48.1%) |
Entry | Exit | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HEUR-L Group | PRES-T Group | HEUR-L Group | PRES-T Group | |||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Item 1 | 3.6522 | 1.40186 | 3.2778 | 1.27999 | 4.0435 | 0.98785 | 3.2963 | 1.22289 |
Item 2 | 3.9565 | 1.11468 | 3.8519 | 1.13947 | 4.1957 | 0.98024 | 3.8333 | 1.09458 |
Item 3 | 3.8696 | 0.85916 | 3.7963 | 0.95916 | 4.1739 | 0.79734 | 3.7778 | 0.94503 |
Item 4 | 3.5435 | 1.27726 | 3.4630 | 1.28435 | 4.1957 | 0.93380 | 3.5741 | 1.19119 |
Item 5 | 3.8696 | 1.25802 | 3.8148 | 1.28964 | 4.1739 | 0.99564 | 4.0926 | 1.01440 |
Item 6 | 3.5217 | 1.41011 | 3.3519 | 1.45573 | 3.9348 | 1.12353 | 3.3704 | 1.37767 |
Item 7 | 4.3043 | 0.96309 | 4.2963 | 1.10964 | 4.5870 | 0.65238 | 4.0741 | 1.17925 |
Student’s t Test for Independent Samples After 3 Months | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | Df | Sig. (Two Tails) | Difference in Mean | Std. Error Mean | 95% CI | ||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Item 1 | 3.322 | 98 | 0.001 | 0.74718 | 0.22494 | 0.30079 | 1.19357 |
Item 2 | 1.730 | 98 | 0.087 | 0.36232 | 0.20940 | −0.05323 | 0.77786 |
Item 3 | 2.243 | 98 | 0.027 | 0.39614 | 0.17663 | 0.04563 | 0.74664 |
Item 4 | 2.867 | 98 | 0.005 | 0.62158 | 0.21682 | 0.19130 | 1.05186 |
Item 5 | 0.403 | 98 | 0.688 | 0.08132 | 0.20181 | −0.31917 | 0.48181 |
Item 6 | 2.220 | 98 | 0.029 | 0.56441 | 0.25428 | 0.05981 | 1.06902 |
Item 7 | 2.626 | 98 | 0.010 | 0.51288 | 0.19531 | 0.12530 | 0.90046 |
Paired t-Test | HEUR-L Group | PRES-T Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
t | df | Sig. (Two Tails) | t | df | Sig. (Two Tails) | |
Item 1 | −3.564 | 45 | 0.001 | −0.444 | 53 | 0.659 |
Item 2 | −1.974 | 45 | 0.055 | 0.256 | 53 | 0.799 |
Item 3 | −3.288 | 45 | 0.002 | 0.375 | 53 | 0.709 |
Item 4 | −4.354 | 45 | 0.000 | −2.574 | 53 | 0.013 |
Item 5 | −2.047 | 45 | 0.046 | −2.171 | 53 | 0.034 |
Item 6 | −2.737 | 45 | 0.009 | −0.207 | 53 | 0.837 |
Item 7 | −2.227 | 45 | 0.031 | 1.766 | 53 | 0.083 |
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D’Isanto, T.; Aliberti, S.; Altavilla, G.; Esposito, G.; D’Elia, F. Heuristic Learning as a Method for Improving Students’ Teamwork Skills in Physical Education. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912596
D’Isanto T, Aliberti S, Altavilla G, Esposito G, D’Elia F. Heuristic Learning as a Method for Improving Students’ Teamwork Skills in Physical Education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912596
Chicago/Turabian StyleD’Isanto, Tiziana, Sara Aliberti, Gaetano Altavilla, Giovanni Esposito, and Francesca D’Elia. 2022. "Heuristic Learning as a Method for Improving Students’ Teamwork Skills in Physical Education" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912596
APA StyleD’Isanto, T., Aliberti, S., Altavilla, G., Esposito, G., & D’Elia, F. (2022). Heuristic Learning as a Method for Improving Students’ Teamwork Skills in Physical Education. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12596. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912596