Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Occurrence in Polish Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the Food Frequency Questionnaire
2.2. Validation Procedure
2.3. Reproducibility
2.4. Flavonol Intake Assessment in CAD Patients
2.5. Ethical Standards
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean Daily Intake [mg/Day] | Mean from 24 h Recall | SD | Mean from FFQ | SD | 95% CI | R | p | Paired t-Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total flavonols | 46.86 | ±38.36 | 65.72 | ±31.38 | 0.285–0.671 | 0.50 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Quercetin | 29.72 | ±17.77 | 41.82 | ±20.39 | 0.224–0.633 | 0.45 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Kaempferol | 10.82 | ±8.74 | 13.59 | ±7.37 | 0.388–0.730 | 0.58 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Isorhamnetin | 2.83 | ±3.64 | 5.72 | ±7.65 | 0.292–0.675 | 0.51 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Myricetin | 3.45 | ±2.59 | 4.58 | ±2.96 | 0.428–0.751 | 0.61 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Mean Daily Intake (24 h vs. FFQ) | Percentage in the Same Quartile | Percent in the Opposite Quartile | κ |
---|---|---|---|
Total flavonols | 46.67% | 5.00% | 0.41 |
Quercetin | 43.33% | 6.67% | 0.33 |
Kaempferol | 50.00% | 1.67% | 0.55 |
Isorhamnetin | 43.33% | 5.00% | 0.31 |
Myricetin | 48.33% | 3.33% | 0.49 |
Mean Daily Intake | FFQ1 | SD | FFQ2 | SD | 95 CI | R | p | Paired t-Test |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total flavonols [mg/day] | 72.65 | ±38.36 | 58.78 | ±28.67 | 0.610–0.842 | 0.75 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Quercetin [mg/day] | 46.16 | ±24.54 | 37.48 | ±18.53 | 0.668–0.868 | 0.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Kaempferol [mg/day] | 14.63 | ±8.04 | 12.55 | ±7.41 | 0.715–0.889 | 0.82 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
Isorhamnetin [mg/day] | 6.80 | ±13.66 | 4.64 | ±4.06 | 0.029–0.500 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.21 |
Myricetin [mg/day] | 5.06 | ±3.34 | 4.10 | ±2.80 | 0.763–0.909 | 0.85 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Fruits [portion/day] | 4.28 | ±3.86 | 3.37 | ±2.44 | 0.470–0.779 | 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
Citrus fruits [portion/day] | 0.78 | ±0.88 | 0.57 | ±0.53 | 0.466–0.771 | 0.64 | <0.001 | 0.02 |
Exotics fruits [portion/day] | 1.23 | ±1.77 | 0.88 | ±0.78 | 0.239–0.643 | 0.47 | <0.001 | 0.09 |
Seed fruits [portion/day] | 0.52 | ±0.96 | 0.40 | ±0.71 | 0.818–0.932 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.05 |
Local fruits [portion/day] | 0.58 | ±0.56 | 0.56 | ±0.50 | 0.658–0.864 | 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.54 |
Berries [portion/day] | 1.07 | ±1.31 | 0.88 | ±1.05 | 0.759–0.907 | 0.85 | <0.001 | 0.04 |
Dried fruits [portion/day] | 0.10 | ±0.18 | 0.09 | ±0.16 | 0.878–0.955 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.24 |
Vegetables [portion/day] | 6.56 | ±3.54 | 5.20 | ±2.57 | 0.567–0.822 | 0.72 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Lettuce [portion/day] | 0.81 | ±1.30 | 0.66 | ±0.73 | 0.583–0.829 | 0.73 | <0.001 | 0.19 |
Other leafy vegetables [portion/day] | 0.39 | ±0.86 | 0.25 | ±0.42 | 0.262–0.657 | 0.48 | <0.001 | 0.17 |
Solanaceous vegetables [portion/day] | 2.20 | ±1.36 | 1.75 | ±1.25 | 0.672–0.870 | 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Roots and tubers [portion/day] | 1.12 | ±0.83 | 0.93 | ±0.66 | 0.677–0.872 | 0.79 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Peppers [portion/day] | 0.70 | ±0.79 | 0.56 | ±0.63 | 0.822–0.933 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.004 |
Cabbage [portion/day] | 0.21 | ±0.27 | 0.18 | ±0.25 | 0.697–0.881 | 0.81 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
Onions [portion/day] | 0.99 | ±0.83 | 0.78 | ±0.63 | 0.670–0.870 | 0.79 | <0.001 | 0.002 |
Sprouts [portion/day] | 0.13 | ±0.32 | 0.10 | ±0.27 | 0.408–0.741 | 0.60 | <0.001 | 0.39 |
Legumes [portion/day] | 0.33 | ±0.40 | 0.28 | ±0.36 | 0.859–0.948 | 0.91 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
Nuts and seeds [portion/day] | 0.36 | ±0.68 | 0.22 | ±0.41 | 0.332–0.698 | 0.54 | <0.001 | 0.07 |
Herbs and spices [portion/day] | 1.61 | ±2.04 | 1.05 | ±0.99 | 0.400–0.736 | 0.59 | <0.001 | 0.01 |
Sauces [portion/day] | 0.40 | ±0.42 | 0.37 | ±0.37 | 0.605–0.840 | 0.74 | <0.001 | 0.35 |
Jam and honey [portion/day] | 0.35 | ±0.40 | 0.33 | ±0.41 | 0.796–0.923 | 0.87 | <0.001 | 0.57 |
Jam [portion/day] | 0.17 | ±0.21 | 0.16 | ±0.23 | 0.542–0.810 | 0.70 | <0.001 | 0.70 |
Honey [portion/day] | 0.17 | ±0.33 | 0.17 | ±0.33 | 0.939–0.978 | 0.96 | <0.001 | 0.60 |
Wholegrain [portion/day] | 0.15 | ±0.21 | 0.14 | ±0.20 | 0.816–0.931 | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.22 |
Cocoa [portion/day] | 0.12 | ±0.17 | 0.10 | ±0.14 | 0.307–0.684 | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.42 |
Tea and coffee [portion/day] | 2.56 | ±1.92 | 2.22 | ±1.81 | 0.880–0.956 | 0.93 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Tea [portion/day] | 1.62 | ±1.48 | 1.40 | ±1.36 | 0.882–0.956 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.003 |
Coffee [portion/day] | 0.94 | ±1.10 | 0.82 | ±1.00 | 0.800–0.924 | 0.88 | <0.001 | 0.09 |
Other non-alcoholic beverages (juices) [portion/day] | 0.60 | ±0.52 | 0.56 | ±0.48 | 0.633–0.862 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.35 |
Alcoholic beverages [portion/day] | 0.27 | ±0.44 | 0.25 | ±0.38 | 0.880–0.956 | 0.93 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
Wine [portion/day] | 0.17 | ±0.35 | 0.16 | ±0.33 | 0.935–0.976 | 0.96 | <0.001 | 0.40 |
Beer [portion/day] | 0.09 | ±0.14 | 0.08 | ±0.11 | 0.652–0.861 | 0.78 | <0.001 | 0.47 |
Mean Daily Intake (FFQ) | Percentage in the Same Quartile [%] | Percent in the Opposite Quartile [%] | κ |
---|---|---|---|
Total flavonols [mg/day] | 63.33 | 1.67 | 0.65 |
Quercetin [mg/day] | 58.33 | 6.67 | 0.60 |
Kaempferol [mg/day] | 61.67 | 1.67 | 0.68 |
Isorhamnetin [mg/day] | 68.33 | 8.33 | 0.68 |
Myricetin [mg/day] | 70.00 | 3.33 | 0.73 |
Fruits [portion/day] | 66.67 | 6.67 | 0.68 |
Citrus fruits [portion/day] | 66.67 | 8.33 | 0.67 |
Exotics fruits [portion/day] | 63.33 | 10.00 | 0.63 |
Seed fruits [portion/day] | 58.33 | 1.67 | 0.64 |
Local fruits [portion/day] | 63.33 | 5.00 | 0.66 |
Berries [portion/day] | 60.00 | 11.67 | 0.59 |
Dried fruits [portion/day] | 71.67 | 5.00 | 0.75 |
Vegetables [portion/day] | 66.67 | 5.00 | 0.68 |
Lettuce [portion/day] | 55.00 | 5.00 | 0.60 |
Other leafy vegetables [portion/day] | 66.67 | 5.00 | 0.68 |
Solanaceous vegetables [portion/day] | 53.33 | 6.67 | 0.55 |
Roots and tubers [portion/day] | 55.00 | 6.67 | 0.57 |
Peppers [portion/day] | 56.67 | 5.00 | 0.62 |
Cabbage [portion/day] | 58.33 | 10.00 | 0.58 |
Onions [portion/day] | 55.00 | 5.00 | 0.59 |
Sprouts [portion/day] | 65.00 | 6.67 | 0.65 |
Legumes [portion/day] | 70.00 | 1.67 | 0.76 |
Nuts and seeds [portion/day] | 56.67 | 10.00 | 0.55 |
Herbs and spices [portion/day] | 65.00 | 6.67 | 0.66 |
Sauces [portion/day] | 66.67 | 10.00 | 0.65 |
Jam and honey [portion/day] | 65.00 | 6.67 | 0.69 |
Jam [portion/day] | 58.33 | 5.00 | 0.63 |
Honey [portion/day] | 61.67 | 1.67 | 0.67 |
Wholegrain [portion/day] | 63.33 | 8.33 | 0.64 |
Cocoa [portion/day] | 66.67 | 13.33 | 0.64 |
Tea and coffee [portion/day] | 70.00 | 3.33 | 0.74 |
Tea [portion/day] | 71.67 | 1.67 | 0.76 |
Coffee [portion/day] | 78.33 | 5.00 | 0.78 |
Other non-alcoholic beverages (juices) [portion/day] | 73.33 | 5.00 | 0.73 |
Alcoholic beverages [portion/day] | 76.67 | 0.00 | 0.82 |
Wine [portion/day] | 75.00 | 8.33 | 0.74 |
Beer [portion/day] | 81.67 | 5.00 | 0.82 |
Mean Daily Intake [mg/Day] | CAD Patients (n = 43) | SD | Healthy Control (n = 60) | SD | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total flavonols | 63.40 | ±36.02 | 65.72 | ±31.38 | 0.54 |
Quercetin | 40.84 | ±24.44 | 41.82 | ±20.39 | 0.53 |
Kaempferol | 14.36 | ±8.55 | 13.59 | ±7.37 | 0.84 |
Isorhamnetin | 2.70 | ±2.48 | 5.72 | ±7.65 | 0.002 |
Myricetin | 5.51 | ±4.17 | 4.58 | ±2.96 | 0.26 |
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Popiolek-Kalisz, J.; Fornal, E. Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Occurrence in Polish Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912546
Popiolek-Kalisz J, Fornal E. Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Occurrence in Polish Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912546
Chicago/Turabian StylePopiolek-Kalisz, Joanna, and Emilia Fornal. 2022. "Dietary Isorhamnetin Intake Is Inversely Associated with Coronary Artery Disease Occurrence in Polish Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12546. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912546