A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. The Effects of CS and EV Exposure on the Bacterial Growth
3.2. The Effects of CS and EV Exposure on Bacterial Biofilm Formation
3.3. The Effects of CS and EV Exposure on Bacterial Adherence
3.4. The Effects of CS and EV on Other Virulence Characteristics
3.5. The Effects of CS and EV Exposure on Bacterial Gene Expression
3.6. Examining the Effects of CS/EV on Bacterial Virulence in an In Vivo Mouse Model
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exposure a | Growth | Virulence b | Mouse Infection c | Comments d | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BF | Adh | Inv | Strain | CFU | Survival | ||||
Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA) | |||||||||
Nicotine | ↑ | ↑ * | ↓ $ | ND | ND | ND | * Adherence to polyethylene $ Invasion of A549 cells | [10] | |
CSE | ↓ | ↑ | ND | ↑ $ | ND | ND | ND | $ Invasion of bronchial epithelial cells | [11] |
CSE | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | #Galleria mellonella infection model | [12] | ||
EVENIC+ | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | |||
CSE | ND | ND | ND | ND | C57bl6 BALB/c A/J | ↑ ↑ ↑ | ND ND ND | [13] | |
EVENIC+ | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ * | ↑ * | CD1 | ↑ | ↓ | * Adherence to, * invasion of HaCaT | [14] |
CSE | ↓ | ↑ * | ↑ * | CD1 | ↑ | ↓ | * Adherence to, * invasion of HaCaT | [15] | |
CSE | ND | ↑ | ↑ * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * Adherence to A549 cells and to human fibronectin | [16] |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | |||||||||
CSE | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * Adherence to A549 cells | [17] | |
CSE | ND | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | [18] | ||
EVENIC+ | ND | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||
EVENIC− | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||||
CSC | ND | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [19] | |
CSE | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | #Galleria mellonella infection model | [12] | |
EVENIC+ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | ||||
CSC | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [20] | ||
Streptococcus mutans | |||||||||
CS | ND | ↓ ^ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ^ Biofilms pre-formed on hydroxyapatite discs showed reduced biomass upon CS exposure | [21] |
CS | ND | ↑ | ↑ * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * Adherence of pre-exposed S. mutans to human teeth was examined in vitro | [22] |
EVNIC+ | ND | ↑ | ↑ * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ||
EVNIC- | ND | * | ND | ND | ND | ND | |||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | |||||||||
CSE | ↓ | ↑ | ND | ND | CD1 | ND | ↓ | [23] | |
CSE | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | #Galleria mellonella infection model | [12] | |
EVENIC+ | ↑ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | |||
Haemophilus influenzae | |||||||||
CSE | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | #Galleria mellonella infection model | [12] | ||
EVENIC+ | ND | ND | ND | ND | ↓ # | ||||
Porphyromonas gingivalis | |||||||||
CSE | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | [24] | ||
CSE | ND | ↑ | ↑ * | ND | ND | ND | ND | * Increased adherence to fibronectin | [25] |
Pathogen | Exposure a | Technique | DEG b | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Med | Form | Time | Total | Up | Down | |||
S. pneumoniae | THY c | CSE | 120 | RNASeq | 264 | 188 | 76 | [18] |
EVENIC+ | 982 | 500 | 482 | |||||
EVENIC− | 14 | 14 | 0 | |||||
S. pneumoniae | THY c | CSE | 45 | RNASeq | 122 | 59 | 63 | [17] |
S. aureus | TS d | CSE | 360 | RNASeq | 344 | 204 | 140 | [13] |
P. gingivalis | GAM e | CSE | NA | Microarray | 104 | 58 | 46 | [24] |
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Bagale, K.; Kulkarni, R. A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912518
Bagale K, Kulkarni R. A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912518
Chicago/Turabian StyleBagale, Kamal, and Ritwij Kulkarni. 2022. "A Systematic Review of the Literature Examining the Effects of Cigarette Smoke and e-Cigarette Vapor on the Virulence of Human Pathogenic Bacteria" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12518. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912518