The Sound of a Circular City: Towards a Circularity-Driven Quietness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Circular Economy and Urban Sustainability
- Resource looping incorporating reuse and recycling systems such as gray water re-purposing;
- Adaptation schemes such as flexible infrastructure, according to the changing needs of a community;
- Ecological regeneration that involves the promotion of natural cycles, thus improving well-being [25];
- Sharing of products and digital tools to facilitate the procedure;
- Optimization of the energy production towards local and renewable methods;
- Upgrading of buildings, e.g., with green walls and green rooftops; and
- Mobility systems that are compatible with a more sustainable way of commuting [4].
2.2. The Linearity of Noise Control and the Circular Approach towards Urban Quietness
2.3. Circular Development Actions That Benefit the Urban Sound Environment
2.3.1. Urban Green Infrastructure
2.3.2. Circular Mobility
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Case Study Area
3.2. Environmental Noise Assessment, Noise Modeling and Receiver Noise Exposure Mapping Techniques
- Constant vehicle speeds;
- Flat roads;
- Air temperature τ ref = 20 °C;
- Dry road surfaces; and
- No studded tires.
- Detailed cartographic representation of the area under consideration (buildings, roads, vegetation).
- Building height and location: In this case, the highest building was 20 m high.
- Façade material type: In this case, the surrounding buildings’ façades consist of a mixture of concrete and glass materials.
- Vegetation height and location.
- Road type classification (motorway, ordinary road, local).
- Road surface type: In this case, it was asphalt concrete.
- Traffic light location and operation: In this case, 4 traffic lights that do not operate during the night period.
- Vehicle speed: In this case, 50 km/h for passenger vehicles and motorcycles and 40 km/h for trucks, according to the Greek legislation.
3.3. A Methodological Approach towards a Circular Acoustic Urban Environment Assessment—Modifying the Absorption Coefficient of Façades and Correcting Electric Vehicle Propulsion Noise
4. Results
5. Discussion
Limitations and Future Work
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Octave | Coefficients for Light ICE Vehicles | Correction Coefficients for EVs |
---|---|---|
125 Hz | 85.7 dB | −1.7 dB |
250 Hz | 84.5 dB | −4.2 dB |
500 Hz | 90.2 dB | −15 dB |
1000 Hz | 97.3 dB | −15 dB |
2000 Hz | 93.9 dB | −15 dB |
4000 Hz | 84.1 dB | −13.8 dB |
Descriptive Statistics | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leq Levels | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Skewness | Kurtosis | Variance |
Measured dB(A) | 70.57 | 1.066 | 69.4 | 72.9 | 1.041 | 0.667 | 1.138 |
Simulated dB(A) | 68.38 | 1.273 | 66.4 | 69.5 | −0.690 | −1.488 | 1.622 |
Simulated Circular Economy dB(A) | 66.4 | 1.289 | 64.4 | 67.5 | −0.676 | −1.503 | 1.664 |
Paired Samples Test | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leq Levels | Mean | SD | Std. Error Mean | 95% CI of the Difference | t | df | Sig. | Cohen’s d | ||
Lower | Upper | |||||||||
Pair 1 | Measured dB(A) | 2.19091 | 1.24856 | 0.37646 | 1.35211 | 3.02971 | 5.820 | 10 | <0.001 | 2.700 |
Simulated dB(A) | ||||||||||
Pair 2 | Measured dB(A) | 4.17273 | 1.25227 | 0.37757 | 3.33144 | 5.01401 | 11.051 | 10 | <0.001 | 4.875 |
Simulated Circular Economy dB(A) | ||||||||||
Pair 3 | Simulated dB(A) | 1.98182 | 0.04445 | 0.01220 | 1.95464 | 2.00899 | 162.488 | 10 | <0.001 | 70.124 |
Simulated Circular Economy dB(A) |
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Tsaligopoulos, A.; Kyvelou, S.S.; Chiotinis, M.; Karapostoli, A.; Klontza, E.E.; Lekkas, D.F.; Matsinos, Y.G. The Sound of a Circular City: Towards a Circularity-Driven Quietness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912290
Tsaligopoulos A, Kyvelou SS, Chiotinis M, Karapostoli A, Klontza EE, Lekkas DF, Matsinos YG. The Sound of a Circular City: Towards a Circularity-Driven Quietness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912290
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsaligopoulos, Aggelos, Stella Sofia Kyvelou, Michalis Chiotinis, Aimilia Karapostoli, Eleftheria E. Klontza, Demetris F. Lekkas, and Yiannis G. Matsinos. 2022. "The Sound of a Circular City: Towards a Circularity-Driven Quietness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12290. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912290