The Relationship between Cyber-Ostracism and Adolescents’ Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Cyber-Ostracism and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
1.2. The Mediating Role of Depression
1.3. The Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance
1.4. The Multiple Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Cyber-Ostracism
2.2.2. Depression
2.2.3. Experiential Avoidance
2.2.4. Self-Injury
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Testing for the Mediation Model
4. Discussion
4.1. Cyber-Ostracism and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury
4.2. The Mediating Role of Depression
4.3. The Mediating Role of Experiential Avoidance
4.4. The Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance
5. Implications and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Favazza, A.R. The coming of age of self-mutilation. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1998, 186, 259–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klonsky, E.D.; Olino, T.M. Identifying clinically distinct subgroups of self-injurers among young adults: A latent class analysis. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2008, 76, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cipriano, A.; Cella, S.; Cotrufo, P. Nonsuicidal Self-injury: A Systematic Review. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 1946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Plener, P.L.; Schumacher, T.S.; Munz, L.M.; Groschwitz, R.C. The longitudinal course of non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm: A systematic review of the literature. Bord. Personal. Disord. Emot. Dysregul. 2015, 2, 2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kiekens, G.; Hasking, P.; Boyes, M.; Claes, L.; Mortier, P.; Auerbach, R.P.; Cuijpers, P.; Demyttenaere, K.; Green, J.G.; Kessler, R.C.; et al. The associations between non-suicidal self-injury and first onset suicidal thoughts and behaviors. J. Affect. Disord. 2018, 239, 171–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nock, M.K.; Joiner, T.E., Jr.; Gordon, K.H.; Lloyd-Richardson, E.; Prinstein, M.J. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2006, 144, 65–72. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiekens, G.; Bruffaerts, R.; Nock, M.K.; Van de Ven, M.; Witteman, C.; Mortier, P.; Demyttenaere, K.; Claes, L. Non-suicidal self-injury among Dutch and Belgian adolescents: Personality, stress and coping. Eur. Psychiatry 2015, 30, 743–749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, C.; Gu, X.; Wang, J.; Li, K.; Wang, X.; Zhao, M.; Feng, Z. The Relation between Neuroticism and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behavior among College Students: Multiple Mediating Effects of Emotion Regulation and Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2885. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andover, M.S.; Primack, J.M.; Gibb, B.E.; Pepper, C.M. An examination of non-suicidal self-injury in men: Do men differ from women in basic NSSI characteristics? Arch. Suicide Res. 2010, 14, 79–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lutz, N.M.; Neufeld, S.A.S.; Hook, R.W.; Jones, P.B.; Bullmore, E.T.; Goodyer, I.M.; Ford, T.J.; Chamberlain, S.R.; Wilkinson, P.O. Why Is Non-suicidal Self-injury More Common in Women? Mediation and Moderation Analyses of Psychological Distress, Emotion Dysregulation, and Impulsivity. Arch. Suicide Res. 2022, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkinson, P.O.; Qiu, T.; Jesmont, C.; Neufeld, S.A.S.; Kaur, S.P.; Jones, P.B.; Goodyer, I.M. Age and gender effects on non-suicidal self-injury, and their interplay with psychological distress. J. Affect. Disord. 2022, 306, 240–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Q.; Liu, X. Peer victimization, depressive symptoms and non-suicidal self-injury behavior in Chinese migrant children: The roles of gender and stressful life events. Psychol. Res. Behav. Manag. 2019, 12, 661–673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhu, J.; Chen, Y.; Su, B.; Zhang, W. Anxiety symptoms mediates the influence of cybervictimization on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury: The moderating effect of self-control. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 285, 144–151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baetens, I.; Greene, D.; Van Hove, L.; Van Leeuwen, K.; Wiersema, J.R.; Desoete, A.; Roelants, M. Predictors and consequences of non-suicidal self-injury in relation to life, peer, and school factors. J. Adolesc. 2021, 90, 100–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Victor, S.E.; Hipwell, A.E.; Stepp, S.D.; Scott, L.N. Parent and peer relationships as longitudinal predictors of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury onset. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health 2019, 13, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martin, J.; Bureau, J.F.; Yurkowski, K.; Fournier, T.R.; Lafontaine, M.F.; Cloutier, P. Family-based risk factors for non-suicidal self-injury: Considering influences of maltreatment, adverse family-life experiences, and parent-child relational risk. J. Adolesc. 2016, 49, 170–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xavier, A.; Cunha, M.; Pinto-Gouveia, J. Daily Peer Hassles and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in Adolescence: Gender Differences in Avoidance-Focused Emotion Regulation Processes. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2017, 27, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geng, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Wang, X.; Lei, L.; Wang, P. Relationship between Cyberbullying Victimization and Non-suicidal Self-Injury: Roles of Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction and Self-Compassion. Soc. Sci. Comput. Rev. 2022. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Twenge, J.M. Increases in Depression, Self-Harm, and Suicide Among U.S. Adolescents After 2012 and Links to Technology Use: Possible Mechanisms. Psychiatr. Res. Clin. Pract. 2020, 2, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, K.D.; Cheung, C.K.; Choi, W. Cyberostracism: Effects of Being Ignored Over the Internet. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 2000, 79, 748–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, F.M.; Zwillich, B.; Bindl, M.J.; Hopp, F.R.; Reich, S.; Vorderer, P. Social media ostracism: The effects of being excluded online. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017, 73, 385–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nock, M.K. Why do People Hurt Themselves? New Insights Into the Nature and Functions of Self-Injury. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 2009, 18, 78–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, C.; Li, J.; Yu, C.; Chen, Y.; Zhen, S.; Zhang, W. Deviant peer affiliation and non-suicidal self-injury among Chinese adolescents: Depression as a mediator and sensation seeking as a moderator. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Williams, K.D. Chapter 6 Ostracism. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2009; Volume 41, pp. 275–314. [Google Scholar]
- Niu, G.F.; Shi, X.H.; Yao, L.S.; Yang, W.C.; Jin, S.Y.; Xu, L. Social Exclusion and Depression among undergraduate students: The mediating roles of rejection sensitivity and social self-efficacy. Curr. Psychol. 2022, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, S.; Zhao, F.; Yu, G. Social exclusion and depression among college students: A moderated mediation model of psychological capital and implicit theories. Curr. Psychol. 2018, 40, 1144–1151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenzie, K.C.; Gross, J.J. Nonsuicidal self-injury: An emotion regulation perspective. Psychopathology 2014, 47, 207–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapman, A.L.; Gratz, K.L.; Brown, M.Z. Solving the puzzle of deliberate self-harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behav. Res. Ther. 2006, 44, 371–394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, S.C.; Wilson, K.G.; Gifford, E.V.; Follette, V.M.; Strosahl, K. Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 1996, 64, 1152–1168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, C.; Wei, H.; Yan, C.; Wang, C. Effect of Cyber-victimization on Adolescents’ Self-injury: Serial Mediating Effect of Depression and Experiential Avoidance. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 2021, 29, 338–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, C.; Wei, H.; Xie, X.; Lei, Y. Effect of Parents’Phubbing on Adolescents’Self-injury: A Perspective of Experiential Avoidance Model. Psychol. Dev. Educ. 2022, 38, 287–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, H.; Wang, W.; Yang, J.; Guo, F.; Yin, Z. The effects of alexithymia, experiential avoidance, and childhood sexual abuse on non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal ideation among Chinese college students with a history of childhood sexual abuse. J. Affect. Disord. 2021, 282, 272–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fledderus, M.; Bohlmeijer, E.T.; Pieterse, M.E. Does experiential avoidance mediate the effects of maladaptive coping styles on psychopathology and mental health? Behav. Modif. 2010, 34, 503–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Niu, G.-F.; Zhou, Z.-K.; Sun, X.-j.; Yu, F.; Xie, X.-C.; Liu, Q.-Q.; Lian, S.-L. Cyber-ostracism and its relation to depression among Chinese adolescents: The moderating role of optimism. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2018, 123, 105–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gong, X.; Xie, X.; Xu, R.; Luo, Y. Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Versions of DASS-21 in Chinese College Students. Chin. J. Clin. Psychol. 2010, 18, 443–446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bond, F.W.; Hayes, S.C.; Baer, R.A.; Carpenter, K.M.; Guenole, N.; Orcutt, H.K.; Waltz, T.; Zettle, R.D. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav. Ther. 2011, 42, 676–688. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, F. The Relation of Adolecents’ Self-Harm Behaviors, Individual Emotion Characteristicsand Family Enyironment Factors. Master’s Thesis, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Curran, P.J.; West, S.G.; Finch, J.F. The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychol. Methods 1996, 1, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, C.; Wang, H.; Lu, N.; Tu, X.M. Log transformation: Application and interpretation in biomedical research. Stat. Med. 2013, 32, 230–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach; Guilford Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Hayes, A.F.; Rockwood, N.J. Conditional Process Analysis: Concepts, Computation, and Advances in the Modeling of the Contingencies of Mechanisms. Am. Behav. Sci. 2019, 64, 19–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kishton, J.M.; Widaman, K.F. Unidimensional Versus Domain Represent ative Parceling of Questionnaire Items: An Empirical Example. Educ. Psychol. Meas. 1994, 54, 757–765. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Little, T.D.; Cunningham, W.A.; Shahar, G.; Widaman, K.F. To Parcel or Not to Parcel: Exploring the Question, Weighing the Merits. Struct. Equ. Modeling A Multidiscip. J. 2002, 9, 151–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, W.M.; Schmitt, N. Parameter Recovery and Model Fit Using Multidimensional Composites: A Comparison of Four Empirical Parceling Algorithms. Multivar. Behav. Res. 2004, 39, 379–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Chen, H.; Yuan, Y. Effect of Social Exclusion on Adolescents’ Self-Injury: The Me diation Effect of Shame and the Moderating Effect of Cognitive Reappraisal. J. Psychol. Sci. 2020, 43, 333–339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deci, E.L.; Ryan, R.M. The “What” and “Why” of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior. Psychol. Inq. 2000, 11, 227–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abramson, L.Y.; Metalsky, G.I.; Alloy, L.B. Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychol. Rev. 1989, 96, 358–372. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shochet, I.M.; Smith, C.L.; Furlong, M.J.; Homel, R. A Prospective Study Investigating the Impact of School Belonging Factors on Negative Affect in Adolescents. J. Clin. Child Adolesc. Psychol. 2011, 40, 586–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brown, M.Z.; Comtois, K.A.; Linehan, M.M. Reasons for suicide attempts and nonsuicidal self-injury in women with borderline personality disorder. J. Abnorm. Psychol. 2002, 111, 198–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richards, C.; Oliver, C.; Nelson, L.; Moss, J. Self-injurious behaviour in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 2012, 56, 476–489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steenfeldt-Kristensen, C.; Jones, C.A.; Richards, C. The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 2020, 50, 3857–3873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sansone, R.; Levitt, J. Self-Harm Behaviors Among Those with Eating Disorders: An Overview. Eat. Disord. 2002, 10, 205–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cucchi, A.; Ryan, D.; Konstantakopoulos, G.; Stroumpa, S.; Kaçar, A.Ş.; Renshaw, S.; Landau, S.; Kravariti, E. Lifetime prevalence of non-suicidal self-injury in patients with eating disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol. Med. 2016, 46, 1345–1358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variable | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Cyber-ostracism | 0.16 | 0.15 | 1.09 | 0.69 | — | |||
2. Depression | 0.49 | 0.66 | 1.66 | 3.97 | 0.36 *** | — | ||
3. Experiential Avoidance | 2.41 | 1.47 | 1.20 | 0.77 | 0.49 *** | 0.62 *** | — | |
4. NSSI | 0.07 | 0.10 | 2.01 | 2.63 | 0.37 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.48 *** | — |
Path | Standard Estimate | S.E. | [Boot 95% CI] |
---|---|---|---|
Indirect_All | 0.23 | 0.03 | [0.18, 0.29] |
Cyber-ostracism → Depression → NSSI | 0.14 | 0.03 | [0.09, 0.20] |
Cyber-ostracism → Experiential Avoidance → NSSI | 0.05 | 0.02 | [0.02, 0.10] |
Cyber-ostracism → Depression → Experiential Avoidance → NSSI | 0.04 | 0.01 | [0.02, 0.06] |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ding, H.; Zhu, L.; Wei, H.; Geng, J.; Huang, F.; Lei, L. The Relationship between Cyber-Ostracism and Adolescents’ Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912236
Ding H, Zhu L, Wei H, Geng J, Huang F, Lei L. The Relationship between Cyber-Ostracism and Adolescents’ Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912236
Chicago/Turabian StyleDing, Huimin, Liyue Zhu, Hua Wei, Jingyu Geng, Feng Huang, and Li Lei. 2022. "The Relationship between Cyber-Ostracism and Adolescents’ Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: Mediating Roles of Depression and Experiential Avoidance" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912236