Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Behavior of Chlorpyrifos in the Environment
3.2. Degradation Pathways of CPF
3.3. Exposure Pathways of CPF in Humans
3.3.1. Exposure to CPF in Humans by Oral Administration
3.3.2. Exposure to CPF in Humans by Inhalation
3.3.3. Exposure to CPF in Humans by Dermal Absorption
3.3.4. Exposure to CPF in Children
3.4. Toxicity of CPF to Other Mammals
3.4.1. Acute Toxicity of CPF
3.4.2. In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of CPF Toxicity
3.4.3. Genotoxicity of CPF
3.4.4. Endocrine-Disrupting Properties and Developmental/Reproductive Toxicity of CPF
3.4.5. CPF Developmental Neurotoxicity
3.5. Occurrence of CPF in Food and Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Dosage/Route/Type | Effect | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Rats | Initial dose of 60 mg/kg, followed every 2 months with a single dose of 45 mg/kg | Deficits in learning | [90] |
Rat pups on PND 1–6 | Diet at a daily dose1234567of 1.5 or 3.0 mg/kg (by gavage in corn oil) | Decreased levels of mRNA for nerve growth factor, muscarinic M1, and reelin receptors, and an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA and inhibited brain AChE activity | [92] |
Rat pups PND 11–16 | Daily dose 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 mg/kg b.w. | For brain AChE inhibition being 1.0 mg/kg b.w./day | [93] |
3-month-old Long-Evans rats | Diet at a daily dose of 0, 1, or 5 mg/kg for 1 year | No effects on learning or memory | [90] |
3-week-old male Wistar rats | Daily dose 0.30 mg/kg b. w. normal fat | Significant increase in various hormones such as pancreatic polypeptide, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 and tumor necrosis factor α | [94] |
Daily dose 0.30 mg/kg b.w. high fat | Significant influence on the gut microbiome and increased glucagon-like peptide-1 | ||
Pregnant rats from GD 6 to PND 10 | Daily dose at 0.3, 1, and 5 mg/kg b.w. | 5 mg/kg: led to a decrease in pup weights and viability index (%) and presented cholinergic signs (fasciculatins, ataxia, tremors, etc.)12345670.3 and 1 mg/kg: 8–11% decrease in the cerebellum height to brain weight ratio | [95] |
Pregnant rats from GD 14–20 | 10 mg/kg CPF (oral) | Reduced body mass gain in mothers during treatment and increased body weight gain in male offspring from PND42 | [96] |
Adult Wistar rats weighing 150–200 g | 10 mg/kg b.w. 28-day oral exposure | decreased GSH-Px activity in blood | [97] |
Male Sprague-Dawley adult rats | Doses of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/kg b.w. once daily for 7 days (sunflower oil) | Inhibition of AChE activity by approximately 20% | [98] |
CD-1 mice from GD 15–18 | 3 or 6 mg/kg/day (peanut oil) | 3 mg/kg: approximately 10% brain AChE inhibition12345676 mg/kg: 40% brain AChE inhibition 24 h after last dose | [99] |
Pregnant CD-1 mice from GD 14–17 | 6 mg/kg CPF (oral) | Concentration of 3,5,6-TCP found in the brains of fetuses was 250 ng/g and revealed decreased cognition in males and females | [100] |
Pregnant guinea pigs starting approximately GD 53–55 | 25 mg/kg/day formulated in peanut oil, 10th day | Decrease in AChE activity in red blood cells by approximately 75% | [75] |
3-week-old male C57Bl/6 and CD-1 (ICR) mice | diet at daily doses of 5 mg/kg (dissolved in corn oil) for 12 weeks | Can disturb glucose homeostasis and induce insulin resistance and effects on intestinal inflammation | [101] |
Neonatal mice PND 10 | a single oral dose (0.1, 1.0 or 5 mg/kg b.w.) | Induced effects are not related to the classical mechanism of acute cholinergic hyperstimulation, as the AChE inhibition level (8–12%) remained below the threshold required to cause systemic toxicity | [102] |
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Wołejko, E.; Łozowicka, B.; Jabłońska-Trypuć, A.; Pietruszyńska, M.; Wydro, U. Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912209
Wołejko E, Łozowicka B, Jabłońska-Trypuć A, Pietruszyńska M, Wydro U. Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912209
Chicago/Turabian StyleWołejko, Elżbieta, Bożena Łozowicka, Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć, Marta Pietruszyńska, and Urszula Wydro. 2022. "Chlorpyrifos Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment: A Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912209