Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Definition of Vulnerability
2.3. Selection of the Publications for This Study
2.4. Variability Identification and Coding
- Spatial variation:
- 2.
- Drivers of vulnerability:
- 3.
- Data collection method used in the sampled publications:
- 4.
- Recommendations for mitigating vulnerability:
3. Results
3.1. Background Variables and Spatial Context
3.1.1. Geographic Coverage of the Vulnerability Studies Conducted in the Himalayas
3.1.2. Spatial Resolution of Analysis
3.1.3. Spatial Heterogeneity of Factors
3.2. Drivers of Vulnerability in the Himalayas
3.3. Methods of Assessing and Evaluating Vulnerability Studies in the Himalayas
3.4. Suggestions for Mitigating Vulnerability Found in the Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Geographic Coverage of the Vulnerability Studies in the Himalayas
4.2. Drivers of Vulnerability in the Himalayas
4.3. Methods of Assessing and Evaluating Vulnerability in the Himalayas
4.4. Recommendations for Mitigating Vulnerability Found in the Studies
4.5. Limitation of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Criteria | Included | Excluded |
---|---|---|
Publication date | Articles published between January 1991 and December 2021 | Articles published before 1991 or after December 2021 |
Document type | Peer-reviewed articles | Grey literature, book chapters, conference proceedings, reports, notes |
Study region | Bhutan (entire country) China (part of the Tibetan autonomous region) India (the Himalayas passing through the provinces in the northern region) Nepal (entire country) Pakistan (parts of Gilgit Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir regions in the Himalayas) | Other parts of China, India, and Pakistan not lying in the Himalayan mountainous region |
Language Theme of the current study | English language articles only Articles conducted on vulnerability to hazards, including social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities. | Articles in other languages, including national or regional languages Articles not explicitly related to vulnerabilities |
Databases for the article search | Google Scholar, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science | Articles not available in these comprehensive databases |
Location | Period | Warming Rate | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Global Mean Surface Temperature | 1951–2012 | 0.12 °C/decade | [67,68] |
Himalayan region Kashmir Himalayas (India) | 1982–2006 1980–2016 | 0.60 °C/decade 0.24 °C/decade | [69] [70] |
Hindukush Himalaya (Pakistan) Hindukush, Karakoram, Himalayan region (Pakistan) | 1986–2010 1986–2015 | 0.39 °C/decade 0.25 °C/decade | [71] [72] |
Himalayan region (India) | 1990–2016 | 0.72 °C/decade | [73] |
Trans-Himalaya region (Nepal) Himalaya region (Bhutan) Himalaya region (Bhutan) Himalayan region (China) | 1977–1994 1997–2017 1985–2002 1991–2007 | 0.90 °C/decade 0.38 °C/decade 0.30 °C/decade 0.73 °C/decade | [74] [75] [69] [76] |
Country/ Location | Type of Land use/Landcover Changes | Period | Source |
---|---|---|---|
Himalayas (Bhutan) | Increase in forest cover | 1990–2010 | [77] |
Himalayan region (China) | Glaciers decreased Increased glacier lakes formation | 1990–2015 | [78] |
Central Himalayas, (India) Kashmir Himalayas (India) | Increasing deforestation, forest fragmentation Cropland decreased | 1976–2006 1990–2017 | [79] [80] |
Himalayas (Nepal) | Deforestation Forest degradation | 1976–2001 | [81] |
Hindukush Himalaya (Pakistan) Himalayan region (Pakistan) | Built-up area increased Cropland increased Built-up area increased Vegetation cover decreased | 2008–2018 1990–2017 | [82] [83] |
Data Collection | Number of Articles | Main Type of Vulnerability Assessed | More than One Type of Vulnerability | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental Vulnerability | Economical Vulnerability | Social Vulnerability | |||
Interviews | 32 (27.8%) | 4 | 8 | 3 | 17 |
Geographical Information System and remote sensing | 25 (21.7%) | 10 | 2 | 0 | 13 |
Archives and available databases | 21 (18.3%) | 6 | 2 | 1 | 12 |
Field surveys | 14 (12.2%) | 2 | 4 | 1 | 7 |
Group discussions | 13 (11.3%) | 3 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
Direct observation | 10 (8.7%) | 0 | 4 | 2 | 4 |
Overall | 115 (100%) | 14 | 12 | 8 | 59 |
S. No | Recommendation | Percentage |
---|---|---|
1 | Policy intervention | 19.7% |
2 | Livelihood improvement | 15.6% |
3 | Adaptation measures | 13.1% |
4 | Monitoring measures | 9.0% |
5 | Education | 7.4% |
6 | Reducing sensitivity | 6.6% |
7 | Improved infrastructure | 6.6% |
8 | Vulnerability assessment | 5.7% |
9 | Capacity building | 5.7% |
10 | Integrated risk assessment | 4.1% |
11 | Reducing exposure | 3.3% |
12 | Climate-smart technologies | 1.6% |
13 | Government support | 0.8% |
14 | Early warning system | 0.8% |
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Sultan, H.; Zhan, J.; Rashid, W.; Chu, X.; Bohnett, E. Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912177
Sultan H, Zhan J, Rashid W, Chu X, Bohnett E. Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912177
Chicago/Turabian StyleSultan, Hameeda, Jinyan Zhan, Wajid Rashid, Xi Chu, and Eve Bohnett. 2022. "Systematic Review of Multi-Dimensional Vulnerabilities in the Himalayas" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912177