Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Selection Criteria
2.3. Data Sources and Search Profile
2.4. Studies Selection and Data Extraction
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Research Considerations
4.3. Practical Applications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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# | Author/Year | Participants | Study Design | Fatigue Stimulus | NO3− Dosage | Variables | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Clifford, Bell et al., (2016) [25] | n = 30, ♂ Active | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ1 vs. BRJ2 vs. PLA) | 100 drop jumps | BRJ1 = 4.0 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 7 total) BRJ2 = 4.0 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 7 total) | MIVC CMJ PPT CK IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α | BRJ1 and BRJ2 enhance CMJ and PPT recovery |
2 | Clifford et al., (2016) [26] | n = 20, ♂ Active | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | 2× repeated sprint test (20 × 30 m sprints: 30 s recovery) | BRJ = 4.0 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 8 total) | MIVC CMJ PPT Reactive strength CK CRP PC | BRJ enhances CMJ and PPT recovery |
3 | Clifford, Allerton et al., (2017) [27] | n = 34, ♂ Runners | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | Marathon | BRJ = 3.4 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 7 total) | MIVC CMJ CK DOMS CRP IL-6 IL-8 TNF-α | No differences found |
4 | Clifford, Howatson et al., (2017) [28] | n = 30, ♂ Active | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. NaNO3− vs. PLA) | 100 drop jumps | BRJ = 3.4 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 7 total) NaNO3− = 3.4 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/3 days, 7 total) | MIVC CMJ PPT CK CRP | BRJ enhance PPT recovery |
5 | Clifford et al., (2018) [29] | n = 30, ♂ Runners | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | Marathon | BRJ = 4.0 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2–3 doses/6 days, 11 total) | ROS mtDNA damage | No differences found |
6 | Carriker et al., (2018) [30] | n = 9, ♂ Cyclists | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | 25–70% of normobaric VO2max in a hypobaric chamber at 3500 m (5 min in, 4 min off) | BRJ = 12.8 mmol/NO3− (Acute: 2.5 h pre-stimuli) | 8-isoprostane Catalase | No differences found |
7 | Waldron et al., (2018) [31] | n = 8, ♂ Active | Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | Intermittent walking at 3 km/h with gradients between 1–20% | BRJ = 350 mL (20.5 mmol/NO3−) (acute: 24 h before exercise) | Heart rate VO2 Blood pressure Glucose Potassium Blood lactate | BRJ enhances heart rate, blood pressure and VO2 recovery |
8 | Larsen et al., (2019) [32] | n = 30, ♂ Active | Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. Antioxidants vs. PLA) | 10× Eccentric dorsiflexion: 30 s rest (until volitional fatigue) | BRJ = 12.9 mmol/NO3− (Acute: 1 × 48 h post-exercise) Antioxidants = No specified, cocktail shot (Acute: 1 × 48 h post-exercise) | MIVC PPT DOMS | No differences found |
9 | Menezes et al., (2019) [33] | n = 14, ♂ Active | Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (NaNO3− vs. PLA) | 30 min cycling (50% max power) | NaNO3− = 10 mg/kg (body weight) (Acute:chronic [5 days]) | Ferric reducing antioxidant power Uric acid Superoxide Thiobarbituric acid | NaNO3− enhances an increase in Ferric, reducing antioxidant power and uric acid and decrease of superoxide and thiobarbituric acid |
10 | Husmann et al., (2019) [34] | n = 12, ♂ Active | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | One-leg dynamic isotonic contractions | BRJ = 70 mL, 6.5 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 5 days before exercise) | MVC Rating of perceived effort Leg muscle pain Peripheral nerve stimulation | BRJ enhances muscle contraction function and pain and effort perception. |
11 | Marshall et al., (2021) [35] | n = 22, ♂ = 12, ♀ = 10 Military | Placebo Randomized-Controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | High Altitude military expedition | BRJ = 70 mL, 12.5 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 1 dose/day, 11 total) | SO2 Heart Rate Diastolic Pressure Rate Perceived exertion High altitude illness | BRJ enhances heart rate recovery speed |
12 | Daab et al., (2021) [12] | n = 13, ♂ Footballers | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | Intermittent Shuttle Test | BRJ = 4.0 mmol/NO3− (Chronic: 2 doses/day, 14 total) | MIVC CMJ Squat Jump 20 m sprint DOMS CK CRP | BRJ enhances MIVC, CMJ, SJ, 20 min sprint, and DOMS recovery |
13 | Stander et al., (2021) [36] | n = 31, ♂ = 19, ♀ = 12 Runners | Placebo Randomized-controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | Marathon | BRJ = 3.4 mmol/NO3− (immediately post-marathon: 3 × 250 mL, 1st day post-marathon: 3 × 250 mL, 2nd day post-marathon: 1 × 250 mL) CTRL = maltodextrin, protein powder and fruit squash | Metabolites (e.g., glycerol, arabitol, xylose, α-Oleoylglycerol) | No differences found |
14 | Benjamim et al., (2021) [11] | n = 12, ♂ Active | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. PLA) | 75% 1RM strength exercise | BRJ = 600 mg/NO3− (acute: 120 min before exercise) | Heart rate Heart rate variability Blood pressure | BRJ enhances heart rate and systolic blood pressure recovery |
15 | Burgos et al., (2022) [37] | n = 32, ♂ Triathletes | Double-blind Placebo Randomized-controlled-Trial (BRJ vs. Citrulline vs. BRJ + Citrulline vs. PLA) | 135 h training | BRJ = 100 mg/NO3− (chronic: 9 weeks) Citrulline = 3 g/day (chronic: 9 weeks) | Urea Creatinine CK Lactate dehydrogenase Testosterone Cortisol Cooper test | BRJ + Citrulline enhance recovery by a reduction in cortisol and an increase in testosterone/cortisol ratio. |
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Gamonales, J.M.; Rojas-Valverde, D.; Muñoz-Jiménez, J.; Serrano-Moreno, W.; Ibáñez, S.J. Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912021
Gamonales JM, Rojas-Valverde D, Muñoz-Jiménez J, Serrano-Moreno W, Ibáñez SJ. Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912021
Chicago/Turabian StyleGamonales, José M., Daniel Rojas-Valverde, Jesús Muñoz-Jiménez, Walter Serrano-Moreno, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. 2022. "Effectiveness of Nitrate Intake on Recovery from Exercise-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912021