Capturing Household Structure and Mobility within and between Remote Aboriginal Communities in Northern Australia Using Longitudinal Data: A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Study Design
2.1.1. Study Participants
2.1.2. Study Procedures
- Dwelling contact—anyone who slept in the same dwelling as the participant the previous night.
- Social contact—anyone with whom the participant spent an hour or more during the previous 24 h, excluding dwelling contacts.
2.2. Data Analysis
2.2.1. Clustering Responses by Dwelling Location
2.2.2. Dwelling Contact Matrices
2.2.3. Intra-Community Mixing
2.2.4. Temporary Mobility
2.2.5. Individual Based Model Simulation
3. Results
3.1. Summary Statistics
3.2. Household Structures and Size
3.3. Dwelling Contacts
3.4. Intra-Community Mixing
3.5. Temporary Mobility
3.6. Individual Based Model Simulation
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Background Survey (First Interview)
- 1.
- What is your name?
- a.
- Balanda name [text]
- b.
- Yolngu first name [text]
- c.
- Yolngu last name [text]
- 2.
- What is your date of birth? [text]_______________ (enter age if DOB unknown)
- 3.
- How many days each week do you work in a paid job (on average)?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 4.
- How many children do you care for most of the time? {we will refer to these as your children and the youngest as your baby}
1 2 3 4 5 6 more than 6 [text] - 5.
- Please tell us about each of your children [start with baby and repeat for each child]
- a.
- Balanda name [text]
- b.
- Yolngu first name [text]
- c.
- Yolngu last name [text]
- d.
- Date of birth [text]___________ (enter age if unknown DOB)
- e.
- are you {child’s name} mother?
- ◦
- No
- ◦
- Yes
- f.
- How many days each week does {child’s name} attend (on average):
- School:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Child care:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - Baby-hub:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Appendix A.2. Household, Contact and Travel Survey (Repeated Monthly)
- In the house you slept in last night, how many rooms do people sleep in (including the verandah)?
- How many people slept in each room of this house last night, including you and your children? [icons on house graphic]
- -
- young child, school aged, adult [usual residents of this house]
- -
- young child, school aged, adult [visitors to this house]
- How many of the ‘x’ visitors who slept in your house last night usually live outside the study community? 0, 1, 2……… ‘x’
- Last night, did you sleep on the same mattress or used the same bedding as:
- {baby}? Yes/No
- {child 2}? Yes/No
- {child 3}? Yes/No
- 5.
- Is this the house that you live in most of the time? (i.e., the house you spend most nights in)
- ◦
- No
- ◦
- Yes
- 6.
- How many nights in the last week did you sleep in this house?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - 7.
- How many nights in the last week did you sleep in the same house as:
- a.
- {baby}?:
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - b.
- {child 2}?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 - c.
- {child 3}?
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- 8.
- On the map, please mark the house you slept in last night
- 9.
- On the map, please mark any other houses you slept in during the last week [skip if Q6 = ‘7’]
- 10.
- On the map, please mark any other houses your children slept in, when they were not with you [skip if Q7 all = ‘7’]
- a.
- {baby} [click on houses on the map] [skip if Qa = ‘7’]
- b.
- {baby} [click on houses on the map] [skip if Qb = ‘7’]
- c.
- {baby} [click on houses on the map] [skip if Qc = ‘7’]
- 11.
- Was {baby} with you all day yesterday? Yes/No [if yes, skip to Q13]
- 12.
- Who was {baby} with during the day yesterday: [check all that apply, must check at least one for each part of the day]
Morning: with me with friends/relatives at childcare other [text] Afternoon: with me with friends/relatives at childcare other [text] Evening: with me with friends/relatives at childcare other [text] - 13.
- During the day yesterday, did you spend at least one hour with anyone who was not in the same house as you last night? Yes/No [if no, skip Q15]
- 14.
- Please tell us about each person that you spent at least one hour with yesterday, who was not in the same house as you last night
- Record each contact person only once, even if you saw them more than once
- Don’t include people who were in your household last night
Contact No. | Age group Young Child School Aged Adult | Did They Touch You? | Did They Touch {Baby}? | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Y | N | Y | N | ||
1 | Young child | ⊠ | □ | ⊠ | □ |
2 | School | □ | ⊠ | ⊠ | □ |
3 | Adult | □ | ⊠ | ⊠ | □ |
4 | Adult | □ | ⊠ | □ | ⊠ |
- 15.
- Did you travel outside the study community in the last month?
- ◦
- No [skip to Q20]
- ◦
- Yes
- 16.
- Where did you spend at least one night? [check all that apply]
- □
- East Arnhem (outside the study community)
- □
- Darwin
- □
- Elsewhere in the NT
- □
- Outside the NT
- 17.
- How many nights did you spend away from the study community?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 more [text] - 18.
- Was {baby} with you on the nights you travelled out of the study community?
- ◦
- Yes, all nights I was away
- ◦
- Some nights I was away
- ◦
- No {baby} did not travel with me
- 19.
- What was the main reason for this travel?
- ◦
- Access services (e.g., shopping, health services)
- ◦
- Work
- ◦
- Visit family
- ◦
- Attend a funeral
- ◦
- Other cultural business
- ◦
- Holiday
- 20.
- Have you had to go to clinic or hospital because you were unwell in the last month?
- ◦
- No [skip to Q21]
- ◦
- Yes
- a.
- What type of illness did you have?
- □
- Skin infection or scabies
- □
- Cold or ‘flu-like illness
- □
- Chest infection
- □
- Diarrhoea
- □
- Other illness
- 21.
- Have you taken antibiotics in the last month?
- ◦
- No
- □
- Antibiotic injection
- □
- Antibiotic syrup
- 22.
- Has your baby had to go to the clinic because they were unwell in the last month?
- ◦
- No [skip to Q24]
- ◦
- Yes
- 23.
- What type of illness did your baby have? [check all that apply]
- □
- Skin infection or scabies
- □
- Cold or ‘flu-like illness
- □
- Chest infection
- □
- Diarrhoea
- □
- Other illness
- 24.
- Has your baby taken antibiotics in the last month? [check all that apply]
- ◦
- No
- □
- Antibiotic injection
- □
- Antibiotic syrup
Appendix B
Pre-School Aged | School Aged | Adult | |
---|---|---|---|
Adult | ab | ac | a (a − 1)/2 |
School aged | cb | c (c − 1)/2 | |
Pre-school aged | b (b − 1)/2 |
Appendix C
Appendix C.1. Transmission Scenarios (Defined by Mixing Model and Disease Model)
Model | Infection Parameters | Model Inputs * |
---|---|---|
SEIR (outbreak) | Duration of latency | U (1, 3) days |
Duration of infectiousness | U (1, 3) days | |
Probability of transmission in the household/community mixing models (chosen so that the median attack rate in uniform model is ~66%) | U (0.01, 0.015) | |
SEIS (endemic): | Duration of latency | U (1, 3) days |
Duration of infectiousness | U (7, 21) days | |
Probability of transmission in the household/community mixing models (chosen so that the median population prevalence at endemic equilibrium in uniform model is ~20%) | U (0.0014, 0.0021) |
Appendix C.1.1. Household/Community Mixing
- The ABS model: which is parameterized by ABS (census) data only,
- The CAMP remote model: which is supplemented by CAMP remote data.
Appendix C.1.2. Uniform Mixing between All Agents in the Population
- store the distribution of the current occupancy of houses, O.
- store the distribution of the number of current residents (temporary and present, permanent) in each age group i, Ai.
- For each age group i, calculate the mean number of contacts per day per individual in age group i, Ci.
- Calculate C, the mean number of community contacts per individual for this population, C = sumi(Ci·Ai)/sumi(Ai).
Appendix D
Appendix E
Season | Month | Responded | Did Not Respond | No. of Enrolled Participants | Total who Travelled out of the Community | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Travelled | Did Not Travel | % | Travelling | Not Travelling | No | % | |||
Dry | June | 2 | 8 | 20% | - | - | 10 | 2 | 20% |
July | 1 | 4 | 20% | 1 | 2 | 8 | 2 | 25% | |
August | 1 | 6 | 14% | 2 | 0 | 10 | 3 | 30% | |
September | 0 | 5 | 0% | 0 | 3 | 10 | 0 | 0% | |
October | 3 | 2 | 60% | 1 | 1 | 8 | 4 | 50% | |
Wet | November | 3 | 1 | 75% | 2 | 1 | 8 | 5 | 63% |
December | 3 | 2 | 60% | 1 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 50% | |
January | 2 | 4 | 33% | 0 | 0 | 8 | 2 | 25% | |
February | 0 | 6 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0% | |
March | 3 | 4 | 43% | 0 | 0 | 8 | 3 | 38% | |
April | 1 | 2 | 33% | 0 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 13% | |
Dry | May | 3 | 3 | 50% | 1 | 0 | 8 | 4 | 50% |
Appendix F
Disease Model | Mixing Model | Outbreak Duration (Days) | Final Size (Number Infected) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.5p | 25p | 50p | 75p | 97.5p | 2.5p | 25p | 50p | 75p | 97.5p * | ||
SEIR | HH | 30 | 36 | 41 | 45.5 | 56 | 2421 | 2472 | 2483 | 2487 | 2492 |
SEIR | HH (ABS) | 36 | 43.5 | 49 | 55 | 69 | 2246 | 2386 | 2432 | 2457 | 2478 |
SEIR | U | 34.5 | 89 | 107 | 134 | 220.5 | 45 | 1151 | 1638 | 1938 | 2211 |
Endemic Prevalence | |||||||||||
2.5p | 25p | 50p | 75p | 97.5p | |||||||
SEIS | HH | 52.0% | 63.3% | 70.3% | 75.3% | 80.7% | |||||
SEIS | HH (ABS) | 43.3% | 57.1% | 65.5% | 70.9% | 76.6% | |||||
SEIS | U | 0.2% | 2.8% | 19.0% | 31.7% | 44.9% |
Appendix G
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Goldsmith, J.J.; Campbell, P.T.; Villanueva-Cabezas, J.P.; Chisholm, R.H.; McKinnon, M.; Gurruwiwi, G.G.; Dhurrkay, R.G.; Dockery, A.M.; Geard, N.; Tong, S.Y.C.; et al. Capturing Household Structure and Mobility within and between Remote Aboriginal Communities in Northern Australia Using Longitudinal Data: A Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912002
Goldsmith JJ, Campbell PT, Villanueva-Cabezas JP, Chisholm RH, McKinnon M, Gurruwiwi GG, Dhurrkay RG, Dockery AM, Geard N, Tong SYC, et al. Capturing Household Structure and Mobility within and between Remote Aboriginal Communities in Northern Australia Using Longitudinal Data: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912002
Chicago/Turabian StyleGoldsmith, Jessie J., Patricia T. Campbell, Juan Pablo Villanueva-Cabezas, Rebecca H. Chisholm, Melita McKinnon, George G. Gurruwiwi, Roslyn G. Dhurrkay, Alfred M. Dockery, Nicholas Geard, Steven Y. C. Tong, and et al. 2022. "Capturing Household Structure and Mobility within and between Remote Aboriginal Communities in Northern Australia Using Longitudinal Data: A Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912002