Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy to Improve Executive Functioning of Elderly Patients with Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multiple Case Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measurements of Cognitive Functioning
2.4. Measurements of the Bimanual Drum Tapping Task
2.5. Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Cognitive Functioning for Each Participant
3.2. Changes in Bimanual Drum Tapping with Rhythmic Cueing
3.3. The Ratio of Each Type of Drumming within the Intervention
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participant | Gender | Age (Years) | Education (Years) | Dominant Hand | K-CIST | SMCQ | GDS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | Male | 80 | 6 | Right | 12 | 5 | 8 |
B | Female | 83 | 2 | Right | 8 | 12 | 17 |
C | Male | 85 | 14 | Right | 14 | 4 | 1 |
Step | Intervention Content | Time Required |
---|---|---|
1 |
| 5 min |
2 |
| 30 min |
3 |
| 5 min |
Parameter | Pt. | Pre-Test | Post-Test | Change |
---|---|---|---|---|
Contrasting (count) | A | 11 | 20 | +9 |
B | 13 | 17 | +4 | |
C | 20 | 20 | - | |
Go/No-Go (count) | A | 8 | 18 | +10 |
B | 8 | 6 | −2 | |
C | 9 | 11 | +2 | |
Fist–Edge–Palm (seconds) | A | (Rt) 27.53 | (Rt) 23.72 | (Rt) −3.81 |
(Lt) 20.13 | (Lt) 19.63 | (Lt) −0.50 | ||
B | Fail | Fail | - | |
C | (Rt) 26.78 | (Rt) 31.69 | (Rt) +4.91 | |
(Lt) 22.65 | (Lt) 27.35 | (Lt) +4.70 | ||
Alternating hand movement (seconds) | A | 11.22 | 8.81 | −2.41 |
B | Fail | Fail | - | |
C | 12.34 | 10.47 | −1.87 | |
TMT-A (seconds) | A | 29.05 | 25.44 | −3.61 |
B | 214.0 | 104.37 | −109.63 | |
C | 35.62 | 27.27 | −8.35 | |
TMT-B (seconds) | A | 111.47 | 101.25 | −10.22 |
B | Fail | Fail | - | |
C | 207.57 | 257.00 | +49.43 |
Pt. | Tempo Condition of Tapping Task | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
−20% | −10% | Self-Paced | +10% | +20% | ||||||
Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | |
Simultaneous (M ± SD) | ||||||||||
A | 0.032 ±0.018 | 0.025 ±0.019 | 0.021 ±0.018 | 0.028 ±0.023 | 0.013 ±0.012 | 0.040 ±0.025 | 0.020 ±0.011 | 0.034 ±0.036 | 0.029 ±0.018 | 0.017 ±0.009 |
B | 0.063 ±0.031 | 0.036 ±0.033 | 0.030 ±0.024 | 0.050 ±0.034 | 0.021 ±0.026 | 0.063 ±0.050 | 0.059 ±0.023 | 0.053 ±0.014 | 0.052 ±0.044 | 0.016 ±0.025 |
C | 0.026 ±0.021 | 0.086 ±0.028 | 0.058 ±0.046 | 0.029 ±0.020 | 0.041 ±0.041 | 0.013 ±0.010 | 0.044 ±0.024 | 0.011 ±0.007 | 0.024 ±0.024 | 0.021 ±0.018 |
Alternative (M ± SD) | ||||||||||
A | 0.099 ±0.066 | 0.083 ±0.43 | 0.032 ±0.019 | 0.054 ±0.038 | 0.074 ±0.034 | 0.065 ±0.048 | 0.062 ±0.022 | 0.084 ±0.041 | 0.019 ±0.021 | 0.086 ±0.029 |
B | 0.043 ±0.041 | 0.087 ±0.059 | 0.049 ±0.030 | 0.098 ±0.035 | 0.035 ±0.024 | 0.081 ±0.034 | 0.031 ±0.020 | 0.069 ±0.021 | 0.059 ±0.098 | 0.030 ±0.020 |
C | 0.071 ±0.038 | 0.034 ±0.021 | 0.059 ±0.070 | 0.072 ±0.060 | 0.020 ±0.013 | 0.025 ±0.024 | 0.094 ±0.089 | 0.029 ±0.030 | 0.034 ±0.021 | 0.053 ±0.030 |
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Kim, S.J.; Park, J.-K.; Yeo, M.S. Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy to Improve Executive Functioning of Elderly Patients with Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multiple Case Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911940
Kim SJ, Park J-K, Yeo MS. Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy to Improve Executive Functioning of Elderly Patients with Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multiple Case Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911940
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Soo Ji, Jin-Kyoung Park, and Myung Sun Yeo. 2022. "Dual-Task-Based Music Therapy to Improve Executive Functioning of Elderly Patients with Early Stage Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multiple Case Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11940. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911940