The Association between COVID-19 Pandemic and the Quality of Life of Medical Students in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Objective
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sampling
- Period before the COVID-19 pandemic—the study group includes 560 students from the academic year 2019/2020, where all classes were entirely conducted in a stationary form. All first-year medical students (n = 638) from the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the Medical University of Silesia in Katowice were invited to participate in the study, the response rate was 87.8%.
- The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown period—the study group includes 111 students from the academic year 2020/2021, where students attended all classes and exams in a remote form. The pandemic significantly hindered the research recruitment strategy of students for this academic year. Direct contact with students was impossible; hence, invitations sent via the Internet resulted in a significant decrease in the interest in study participation; the response rate was 22.6%.
- The COVID-19 pandemic period following lockdown—the study group includes 427 students of the academic year 2021/2022, where particular classes were conducted in a stationary form for practical training and a remote form for lectures. The response rate was high again and remains at the level of 83.7%.
2.2. Measurement Tools
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Personal Characteristics
3.2. WHOQOL-BREF Scores
3.3. Variables Related to the QoL Scores
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of This Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Başağaoğlu Demirekin, Z.; Buyukcavus, M.H. Effect of distance learning on the quality of life, anxiety and stress levels of dental students during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Med. Educ. 2022, 22, 309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papapanou, M.; Routsi, E.; Tsamakis, K.; Fotis, L.; Marinos, G.; Lidoriki, I.; Karamanou, M.; Papaioannou, T.G.; Tsiptsios, D.; Smyrnis, N.; et al. Education and learning Medical education challenges and innovations during COVID-19 pandemic. Postgr. Med. J. 2022, 98, 321–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rose, S. Medical Student Education in the Time of COVID-19. JAMA 2020, 323, 2131–2132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wiederhold, B.K.; Cipresso, P.; Pizzioli, D.; Wiederhold, M.; Riva, G. Intervention for physician burnout: A systematic review. Open Med. 2018, 13, 253–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lyons, Z.; Wilcox, H.; Leung, L.; Dearsley, O. COVID-19 and the mental well-being of Australian medical students: Impact, concerns and coping strategies used. Australas. Psychiatry 2020, 28, 649–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szemik, S.; Gajda, M.; Kowalska, M. The review of prospective studies on mental health and quality of life of physicians. Occup. Med. 2020, 4, 483–491. [Google Scholar]
- Gramstad, T.O.; Gjestad, R.; Haver, B. Personality traits predict job stress, depression and anxiety among junior physicians. BMC Med. Educ. 2013, 13, 150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blüml, V.; Kapusta, N.D.; Doering, S.; Brähler, E.; Wagner, B.; Kersting, A. Personality Factors and Suicide Risk in a Representative Sample of the German General Population. PLoS ONE 2013, 10, e76646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batterham, P.J.; Christensen, H. Longitudinal risk profiling for suicidal thoughts and behaviours in a community cohort using decision trees. J. Affect. Disord. 2012, 142, 306–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sletta, C.; Tyssen, R.; Løvseth, L.T. Change in subjective well-being over 20 years at two Norwegian medical schools and factors linked to well-being today: A survey. BMC Med. Educ. 2019, 19, 45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vaysse, B.; Gignon, M.; Zerkly, S.; Ganry, O. Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, anxiety and depression among second-year medical students. Identify in order to act. Sante Publique 2014, 26, 613–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sapkota, N.; Pudasaini, G.; Baral, B.; Bhagat, U.; Agrawal, D.; Baral, D.D. Prevalence of Substance Use in Medical and Dental Students of a Medical University of Nepal. J. BP Koirala Inst. Health Sci. 2020, 3, 113–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajda, M.; Sedlaczek, K.; Szemik, S.; Kowalska, M. Determinants of Alcohol Consumption among Medical Students: Results from POLLEK Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5872. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gupta, P.; Anupama, B.K.; Ramakrishna, K. Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Among Medical Students and House Staff During the COVID-19 Health-Care Crisis. Acad. Psychiatry 2021, 45, 575–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, L.; Wang, X.; Wang, X.; Guo, X.; Pan, B. Association of Covid-19 pandemic-related stress and depressive symptoms among international medical students. BMC Psychiatry 2022, 22, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grande, R.A.N.; Butcon, V.E.R.; Indonto, M.C.L.; Villacorte, L.M.; Berdida, D.J.E. Quality of life of nursing internship students in Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Afr. Nurs. Sci. 2021, 14, 100301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kondo, A.; Abuliezi, R.; Naruse, K.; Oki, T.; Niitsu, K.; Ezeonwu, M.C. Perceived Control, Preventative Health Behaviors, and the Mental Health of Nursing Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Inquiry 2021, 58, 469580211060279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulyadi, M.; Tonapa, S.I.; Luneto, S.; Lin, W.T.; Lee, B.O. Prevalence of mental health problems and sleep disturbances in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2021, 57, 103228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black Thomas, L.M. Stress and depression in undergraduate students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Nursing students compared to undergraduate students in non-nursing majors. J. Prof. Nurs. 2022, 38, 89–96. [Google Scholar]
- Kowalska, M.; Skrzypek, M.; Danso, F.; Humeniuk, M. Assessment of reliability of the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire in a study of quality of life among adults, the economically active population of the Silesian Agglomeration. Zdr. Publiczne 2012, 66, 531–537. [Google Scholar]
- AUDIT: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test: Guidelines for Use in Primary Health Care. Available online: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-MSD-MSB-01.6a (accessed on 1 July 2022).
- Gajda, M.; Szemik, S.; Sedlaczek, K.; Kowalska, M. The Reliability and Compatibility of the Paper and Electronic Versions of the POLLEK Cohort Study Questionnaire. Healthcare 2020, 8, 438. [Google Scholar]
- The WHOQOL Group. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment (WHOQOL). Development and psychometric properties. Soc. Sci. Med. 1998, 46, 1569–1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/hrqol/concept.htm (accessed on 9 February 2022).
- Hansel, T.C.; Saltzman, L.Y.; Melton, P.A.; Clark, T.L.; Bordnick, P.S. COVID-19 behavioral health and quality of life. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rossi, R.; Socci, V.; Talevi, D.; Mensi, S.; Niolu, C.; Pacitti, F.; Di Marco, A.; Rossi, A.; Siracusano, A.; Di Lorenzo, G. COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown Measures Impact on Mental Health Among the General Population in Italy. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bidzan-Bluma, I.; Bidzan, M.; Jurek, P.; Bidzan, L.; Knietzsch, J.; Stueck, M.; Bidzan, M. A Polish and German Population Study of Quality of Life, Well-Being, and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 1188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Geprägs, A.; Bürgin, D.; Fegert, J.M.; Brähler, E.; Clemens, V. The Impact of Mental Health and Sociodemographic Characteristics on Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction during the Second Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic—Results of a Population-Based Survey in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 8734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szemik, S.; Kowalska, M.; Kulik, H. Quality of life and health among people living in an industrial area of Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diehl, K.; Hilger-Kolb, J.; Herr, R.M. Social Inequalities in Health and Health Behaviors among University Students. Gesundheitswesen 2020, 11, 928–935. [Google Scholar]
- Tyssen, R.; Hem, E.; Gude, T.; Grønvold, N.T.; Ekeberg, Ø.; Vaglum, P. Lower life satisfaction in physicians compared with a general population sample: A 10-year longitudinal, nationwide study of course and predictors. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 2009, 44, 47–54. [Google Scholar]
- Toews, J.A.; Lockyer, J.M.; Dobson, D.J.G.; Simpson, E.; Brownell, A.K.W.; Brenneis, F.; MacPherson, K.M.; Cohen, G.S. Analysis of stress levels among medical students, residents, and graduate students at four Canadian schools of medicine. Acad. Med. 1997, 72, 997–1002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kjeldstadli, K.; Tyssen, R.; Finset, A.; Hem, E.; Gude, T.; Gronvold, N.T.; Ekeberg, O.; Vaglum, P. Life satisfaction and resilience in medical school—A six-year longitudinal, nationwide and comparative study. BMC Med. Educ. 2006, 6, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyrbye, L.N.; Thomas, M.R.; Shanafelt, T.D. Medical student distress: Causes, consequences, and proposed solutions. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2005, 80, 1613–1622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyrbye, L.N.; Thomas, M.R.; Shanafelt, T.D. Systematic review of depression, anxiety, and other indicators of psychological distress among U.S. and Canadian medical students. Acad. Med. 2006, 81, 354–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lasheras, I.; Gracia-García, P.; Lipnicki, D.M.; Bueno-Notivol, J.; López-Antón, R.; de la Cámara, C.; Lobo, A.; Santabárbara, J. Prevalence of Anxiety in Medical Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Rapid Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6603. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santabárbara, J.; Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N.; Idoiaga, N.; Olaya, B.; Bueno-Novitol, J. Meta-Analysis of Prevalence of Depression in Dental Students during COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina 2021, 57, 1278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santabarbara, J.; Idoiaga, N.; Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N.; Bueno-Notivol, J. Prevalence of Anxiety in Dental Students during the COVID-19 Outbreak: A Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leong Bin Abdullah, M.F.I.; Mansor, N.S.; Mohamad, M.A.; Teoh, S.H. Quality of life and associated factors among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e048446. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andersen, S.; Leon, G.; Patel, D.; Lee, C.; Simanton, E. The Impact of COVID-19 on Academic Performance and Personal Experience Among First-Year Medical Students. Med. Sci. Educ. 2022, 32, 389–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, B.; Jegatheeswaran, L.; Minocha, A.; Alhilani, M.; Nakhoul, M.; Mutengesa, E. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on final year medical students in the United Kingdom: A national survey. BMC Med. Educ. 2020, 20, 206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schindler, A.K.; Polujanski, S.; Rotthoff, T. A longitudinal investigation of mental health, perceived learning environment and burdens in a cohort of first-year German medical students’ before and during the COVID-19 ‘new normal’. BMC Med. Educ. 2021, 21, 413. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Žuljević, M.F.; Jeličić, K.; Vidak, M.; Dgaš, V.; Buljan, I. Impact of the first COVID-19 lockdown on study satisfaction and burnout in medical students in Split, Croatia: A cross-sectional presurvey and postsurvey. BMJ Open 2021, 11, e049590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dragun, R.; Veček, N.N.; Marendić, M.; Pribisalić, A.; Ðivić, G.; Cena, H.; Polašek, O.; Kolčić, I. Have Lifestyle Habits and Psychological Well-Being Changed among Adolescents and Medical Students Due to COVID-19 Lockdown in Croatia? Nutrients 2020, 13, 97. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Giusti, L.; Mammarella, S.; Salza, A.; Del Vecchio, S.; Ussorio, D.; Casacchia, M.; Roncone, R. Predictors of academic performance during the covid-19 outbreak: Impact of distance education on mental health, social cognition and memory abilities in an Italian university student sample. BMC Psychol. 2021, 9, 142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bączek, M.; Zagańczyk-Bączek, M.; Szpringer, M.; Jaroszyński, A.; Wożakowska-Kapłon, B. Students’ perception of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey study of Polish medical students. Medicine 2021, 100, e24821. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- AlQhtani, A.; AlSwedan, N.; Almulhim, A.; Aladwan, R.; Alessa, Y.; AlQhtani, K.; Albogami, M.; Altwairqi, K.; Alotaibi, F.; AlHadlaq, A.; et al. Online versus classroom teaching for medical students during COVID-19: Measuring effectiveness and satisfaction. BMC Med. Educ. 2021, 21, 452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suzuki, T.; Murayama, A.; Kotera, Y.; Bhandari, D.; Senoo, Y.; Tani, Y.; Harada, K.; Kawamoto, A.; Sato, S.; Sawano, T.; et al. Cross-Country Student Perceptions about Online Medical Education during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dost, S.; Hossain, A.; Shehab, M.; Abdelwahed, A.; Al-Nusair, L. Perceptions of medical students towards online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional survey of 2721 UK medical students. BMJ Open 2020, 10, e042378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaghal, A.; Marley, C.; Rahhal, S.; Hassanieh, J.; Saadeh, R.; El-Rifai, A.; Qaraqe, T.; ElBejjani, M.; Jaafar, R.; Hoballah, J.J. Face-to-face versus distance learning of basic suturing skills in novice learners: A quantitative prospective randomized trial. BMC Med. Educ. 2022, 22, 290. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Period before the COVID-19 Pandemic (2019/2020) n = 560 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown Period (2020/2021) n = 111 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Period after Lockdown (2021/2022) n = 427 | Results of Chi2 Test | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Sex | Women | 342 | 61.1 | 70 | 63.1 | 289 | 67.7 | chi2 = 4.61 p = 0.09 |
Men | 218 | 38.9 | 41 | 36.9 | 138 | 32.3 | ||
Marital status | In relationship | 157 | 28.0 | 28 | 25.2 | 99 | 23.2 | chi2 = 2.61 p = 0.2 |
Single | 399 | 71.3 | 83 | 74.8 | 319 | 74.7 | ||
Missing data | 4 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | 9 | 2.1 | ||
Current financial situation | Poor | 138 | 24.6 | 20 | 18.0 | 115 | 26.9 | chi2 = 3.77 p = 0.1 |
Good | 422 | 75.4 | 91 | 82.0 | 312 | 71.3 | ||
Current place of residence during studies at university | Family home | 142 | 25.4 | 37 | 33.3 | 124 | 29.0 | chi2 = 3.67 p = 0.1 |
Dormitory/rented flat or room | 418 | 74.6 | 74 | 66.7 | 303 | 71.0 | ||
Current cigarette smoking (traditional or electronic) | Yes | 106 | 18.9 | 26 | 23.4 | 100 | 23.4 | chi2 = 3.38 p = 0.1 |
No | 454 | 81.1 | 85 | 76.6 | 326 | 76.3 | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.2 | ||
Hazardous alcohol use | Hazard use | 167 | 29.8 | 32 | 28.8 | 128 | 30.0 | chi2 = 0.37 p = 0.8 |
Low risk | 373 | 66.6 | 79 | 71.2 | 274 | 64.2 | ||
Missing data | 20 | 3.6 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Number of meals containing animal protein | 100% of meals | 72 | 12.9 | 11 | 9.9 | 53 | 12.4 | chi2 = 10.41 p = 0.03 |
75% of meals | 298 | 53.2 | 62 | 55.9 | 191 | 44.7 | ||
Less often | 190 | 33.9 | 38 | 34.2 | 183 | 42.9 | ||
Consumption of fruit and vegetables | Daily (≥3 meals) | 95 | 17.0 | 20 | 18.0 | 85 | 19.9 | chi2 = 2.74 p = 0.6 |
Daily (≥2 meals) | 274 | 48.9 | 59 | 53.2 | 198 | 46.4 | ||
Less often | 189 | 33.8 | 32 | 28.8 | 142 | 33.3 | ||
Missing data | 2 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.5 | ||
Frequency of physical activity | High | 459 | 82.0 | 88 | 79.3 | 347 | 81.3 | chi2 = 0.44 p = 0.7 |
Low | 101 | 18.0 | 23 | 20.7 | 79 | 18.5 | ||
missing data | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.2 | ||
Self-declared health status | Bad | 228 | 40.7 | 26 | 23.4 | 175 | 41.0 | chi2 = 12.76 p = 0.001 |
Good | 332 | 59.3 | 85 | 76.6 | 251 | 58.8 | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 1 | 0.2 | ||
Ever diagnosed with chronic disease | Yes | 123 | 22.0 | 26 | 23.4 | 101 | 23.7 | chi2 = 0.36 p = 0.8 |
No | 432 | 77.1 | 85 | 76.6 | 324 | 75.9 | ||
Missing data | 5 | 0.9 | 0 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.5 | ||
Declared quality of life | High | 402 | 71.8 | 91 | 82.0 | 310 | 72.6 | chi2 = 5.00 p = 0.08 |
Low | 158 | 28.2 | 20 | 18.0 | 117 | 27.4 | ||
Missing data | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Body mass index (BMI) | ≤24.9 | 468 | 83.6 | 99 | 89.2 | 371 | 86.9 | chi2 = 12.91 p = 0.2 |
≥25.0 | 89 | 15.9 | 12 | 10.8 | 56 | 13.1 | ||
Missing data | 3 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Quality of Life Domain | Period before the COVID-19 Pandemic (2019/2020) n = 560 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Period during Lockdown (2020/2021) n = 111 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Period after Lockdown (2021/2022) n = 427 | Results of K–W Test | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | Range (Min–Max) | M (SD) | Range (Min–Max) | M (SD) | Range (Min–Max) | ||
Overall QoL | 68.9 (18.1) | 0.00–100.0 | 74.7 (15.9) | 25.0–100.0 | 68.6 (17.9) | 12.5–100.0 | H = 12.45 p = 0.002 |
Somatic | 43.2 (12.6) | 7.1–75.0 | 59.5 (8.3) | 39.3–71.4 | 62.8 (15.2) | 21.4–96.4 | H = 378.31 p < 0.001 |
Psychological | 60.8 (13.2) | 16.7–95.8 | 64.7 (12.9) | 33.3–83.3 | 62.2 (16.8) | 12.5–100.0 | H = 53.15 p = 0.001 |
Social relationships | 69.9 (20.4) | 8.3–100.0 | 72.1 (19.3) | 25.0–100.0 | 69.5 (18.6) | 0.0–100.0 | H = 16.50 p = 0.3 |
Environmental | 64.0 (13.7) | 25.0–96.9 | 72.1 (19.3) | 25.0–100.0 | 64.4 (12.6) | 21.9–93.8 | H = 54.51 p < 0.001 |
Independent Variable | Overall QoL | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period before the COVID-19 Pandemic (2019/2020) n = 560 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Period during Lockdown (2020/2021) n = 111 | The COVID-19 Pandemic Period after Lockdown (2021/2022) n = 427 | |||||
M (SD) | Statistical Significane | M (SD) | Statistical Significane | M (SD) | Statistical Significane | ||
Sex | Women | 69.3 (17.7) | Z = −0.16 p = 0.8 | 72.5 (15.6) | Z = −2.07 p = 0.03 | 67.3 (18.2) | Z = −1.82 p = 0.06 |
Men | 68.2 (18.8) | 78.4 (16.1) | 71.3 (17.0) | ||||
Marital status | In relationship | 65.7 (17.2) | Z = −2.85 p = 0.004 | 72.8 (17.9) | Z = 0.17 p = 0.8 | 67.8 (21.5) | Z = 0.07 p = 0.9 |
Single | 70.0 (18.3) | 75.3 (14.9) | 68.8 (16.8) | ||||
Current financial situation | Poor | 61.1 (18.5) | Z = 5.28 p < 0.001 | 64.4 (16.9) | Z = 2.81 p = 0.004 | 64.2 (18.0) | Z = 2.72 p = 0.006 |
Good | 71.4 (17.3) | 76.9 (14.9) | 70.2 (17.7) | ||||
Current place of residence during studies at university | Family home | 73.8 (18.6) | Z = −3.77 p < 0.001 | 76.0 (13.0) | Z = −0.28 p = 0.7 | 69.3 (18.3) | Z = 0.60 p = 0.6 |
Dormitory/rented flat or room | 67.2 (18.3) | 74.0 (17.3) | 68.3 (17.8) | ||||
Current cigarette smoking (traditional or electronic) | Yes | 67.0 (18.5) | Z = −1.16 p = 0.2 | 72.6 (17.0) | Z = 0.71 p = 0.4 | 59.7 (17.1) | Z = 5.76 p < 0.001 |
No | 69.3 (18.0) | 75.3 (15.7) | 71.2 (17.3) | ||||
Hazardous alcohol use | Low risk | 69.9 (18.5) | Z = −2.44 p = 0.01 | 75.3 (16.1) | Z = 0.52 p = 0.6 | 68.3 (19.0) | Z = 0.75 p = 0.4 |
Hazard use | 65.9 (17.0) | 73.0 (15.6) | 67.8 (16.0) | ||||
Number of meals containing animal protein | 100% of meals | 70.2 (18.9) | H = 1.99 p = 0.3 | 84.1 (13.8) | H = 4.68 p = 0.9 | 75.7 (15.6) | H = 9.45 p = 0.008 |
75% of meals | 69.4 (17.7) | 73.2 (15.2) | 68.3 (17.4) | ||||
Less often | 67.5 (18.5) | 74.3 (17.2) | 66.7 (18.6) | ||||
Consumption of fruit and vegetables | Daily (≥3 meals) | 74.9 (18.1) | H = 22.22 p < 0.001 | 73.8 (14.0) | H = 3.22 p = 0.1 | 71.2 (15.8) | H = 2.60 p = 0.2 |
Daily (≥2 meals) | 69.9 (16.9) | 77.1 (15.8) | 68.6 (17.9) | ||||
Less often | 64.6 (18.7) | 70.7 (17.0) | 67.4 (18.7) | ||||
Frequency of physical activity | High | 70.1 (17.5) | Z = 3.35 p < 0.001 | 76.8 (14.5) | Z = 2.64 p = 0.008 | 69.7 (17.4) | Z = −2.60 p = 0.009 |
Low | 63.4 (19.9) | 66.3 (18.6) | 63.6 (19.3) | ||||
Ever diagnosed with chronic disease | Yes | 68.3 (18.0) | Z = 3.31 p < 0.001 | 65.4 (15.1) | Z = 3.35 p < 0.001 | 62.1 (19.4) | Z = 3.98 p < 0.001 |
No | 70.3 (17.8) | 77.5 (15.2) | 70.5 (17.0) | ||||
Body mass index (BMI) | ≤24.9 | 69.8 (17.9) | Z = 2.66 p = 0.007 | 75.1 (15.8) | Z = 0.94 p = 0.3 | 69.2 (17.6) | Z = 1.82 p = 0.06 |
≥25.0 | 64.5 (18.5) | 70.8 (17.1) | 64.3 (19.6) |
Independent Variable | Regression Coefficient (95% CI a) | p b |
---|---|---|
Overall QoL (n = 1098, R2 c = 0.13, p < 0.001 d) | ||
Marital status (1 = in relationship, 2 = single) | 0.05 (0.00, 0.11) | 0.04 |
Current financial situation (1 = poor, 2 = good) | 0.20 (0.14, 0.25) | <0.001 |
Current place of residence during studies at university (1 = family home, 2 = dormitory/rented flat or room | −0.08 (−0.14, 0.02) | 0.004 |
Current traditional or electronic cigarettes smoking (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) | <0.001 |
Frequency of physical activity (1 = high, 2 = low) | −0.13 (−0.16, −0.04) | <0.001 |
Ever diagnosed chronic disease (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22) | <0.001 |
Somatic (n = 1098, R2 c = 0.46, p < 0.001 d) | ||
Sex (1 = women, 2 = men) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.01 |
Current financial situation (1 = poor, 2 = good) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) | 0.01 |
Hazardous alcohol use (1 = low risk, 2 = hazard use) | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.005) | 0.02 |
Frequency of physical activity (1 = high, 2 = low) | −0.11 (−0.15, −0.06) | <0.0001 |
Ever diagnosed chronic disease (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 0.05 (0.007, 0.10) | 0.02 |
Self-declared health status (1 = bad, 2 = good) | 0.26 (0.21, 0.31) | <0.001 |
Research period (1 = before pandemic, 2 = pandemic period) | 0.57 (0.53, 0.62) | <0.001 |
Psychological (n = 1098, R2 c = 0.19, p < 0.001 d) | ||
Sex (1 = women, 2 = men) | 0.06 (0.002, 0.11) | 0.04 |
Current financial situation (1 = poor, 2 = good) | 0.09 (0.04, 0.15) | <0.001 |
Hazardous alcohol use (1 = low risk, 2 = hazard use) | −0.08 (−0.13, −0.02) | 0.005 |
Frequency of physical activity (1 = high, 2 = low) | −0.09 (−0.15, −0.03) | 0.001 |
Ever diagnosed chronic disease (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 0.06 (0.004, 0.11) | 0.03 |
Self-declared health status (1 = bad, 2 = good) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.41) | <0.001 |
Social relationships (n = 1098, R2 c = 0.12, p < 0.001 d) | ||
Marital status (1 = in relationship, 2 = single) | −0.20 (−0.25, −0.14) | <0.001 |
Current financial situation (1 = poor, 2 = good) | 0.10 (0.04, 0.16) | <0.001 |
Frequency of physical activity (1 = high, 2 = low) | −0.07 (−0.12, 0.01) | 0.01 |
Self-declared health status (1 = bad, 2 = good) | 0.22 (0.16, 0.28) | <0.001 |
Environmental (n = 1098, R2 c = 0.26, p < 0.001 d) | ||
Current financial situation (1 = poor, 2 = good) | 0.22 (0.16, 0.27) | <0.001 |
Current place of residence during studies at university (1 = family home, 2 = dormitory/rented flat or room | −0.09 (−0.14, −0.04) | <0.001 |
Frequency of physical activity (1 = high, 2 = low) | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.03) | 0.001 |
Ever diagnosed chronic disease (1 = yes, 2 = no) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.12) | 0.009 |
Self-declared health status (1 = bad, 2 = good) | 0.35 (0.29, 0.41) | <0.001 |
Research period (1 = before pandemic, 2 = pandemic period) | 0.05 (0.002, 0.10) | 0.03 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Szemik, S.; Gajda, M.; Gładyś, A.; Kowalska, M. The Association between COVID-19 Pandemic and the Quality of Life of Medical Students in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911888
Szemik S, Gajda M, Gładyś A, Kowalska M. The Association between COVID-19 Pandemic and the Quality of Life of Medical Students in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911888
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzemik, Szymon, Maksymilian Gajda, Aleksandra Gładyś, and Małgorzata Kowalska. 2022. "The Association between COVID-19 Pandemic and the Quality of Life of Medical Students in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911888