Nurses’ Involvement in the Development and Usability Assessment of an Innovative Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation Pack: A Mix-Method Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Procedures
2.2. Setting and Participants
2.3. Materials
2.4. Outcomes and Measurements
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Consideration
3. Results
3.1. Phase 1
3.2. Phase 2
3.2.1. Laboratory Testing
3.2.2. Interviews
“Having a pack is extremely functional, especially given the time you save when preparing the material needed for catheterisation […] there is always an item that you forget, and the procedure is not as uniform between professionals as it should be.”[Specialist nurse, female, 13 years of professional experience];
“I really enjoyed the pack. It is practical to have all the material in a single package. It gives us time to concentrate on what really matters to us, which is the person in need of the catheter, not the procedure itself.”[Specialist nurse, female, 15 years of professional experience];
“It is faster! […] Everything in the PIVC-P…we do not have to waste time preparing the flush since the syringe is pre-filled.”[Registered nurse, female, 14 years of professional experience];
“You just need to grab the pack! It saves us time in the selection of the required material […] it also saves us time in something that we often do not do, which is checking the material’s integrity.”[Specialist nurse, male, 16 years of professional experience];
“I do not waste time grabbing material from different cabinets of the treatment room…sometimes from different rooms.”[Specialist nurse, female, 16 years of professional experience].
“It allows for the standardisation of the procedure between colleagues (…) we will all start doing the same from now on.”[Specialist nurse, female, 13 years of professional experience];
“It avoids errors and omissions, which often leads to increased procedural times”[Specialist nurse, female, 11 years of professional experience];
“Having a pre-filled syringe (…) people will use it because it is in the pack (…) it reiterates the importance of performing PIVC flush.”[Specialist nurse, male, 16 years of professional experience];
“Most of the required material is collected in a single pack, so I will not be forgetting so many devices.”[Specialist nurse, female, 15 years of professional experience];
“I do not have to constantly worry and think about what I am missing, what is required for catheter insertion.”[Specialist nurse, female, 16 years of professional experience];
“It contains the material that is essential for catheter insertion.”[Registered nurse, female, 34 years of professional experience].
“I can only see advantages in its use, especially concerning the antiseptic solution bottle that we use is contaminated or not. With the PIVC-P there is an impregnated swab for each person, and we do not have to manipulate different materials between patients (…) the material would not be circulating between patients.”[Specialist nurse, female, 13 years of professional experience];
“Inside the PIVC-P everything will be sterile and ready to be used (…) it is a way to avoid likely cross-infection that unfortunately happen (…) our tourniquets, as you know, are stored in certain locations that enhance cross-contamination.”[Registered nurse, female, 34 years of professional experience];
“Everything inside the PIVC-P is packaged and sterile, allowing for a great control of potential infection risks.”[Specialist nurse, male, 11 years of professional experience];
“It is safer!”[Specialist nurse, female, 11 years of professional experience];
“More hygienic (…) We do not have to select material from different locations, which often translates into more people manipulating the same materials. Since everything is included in the PIVC-P, we know that it should be disposed of after using.”[Registered nurse, female, 14 years of professional experience].
“Another advantage is the volume of materials that exist in a ward (…) the PIVC-P can facilitate stock management and space consumption.”[Specialist nurse, female, 13 years of professional experience];
“The material inside the PIVC-P (…) everything required is there. We do not have to select materials that, although not used, were opened inside the patient unit, and have to be disposed of.”[Registered nurse, female, 34 years of professional experience];
“The pack was sterile sealed, and all included material has individual packaging (…) I can use everything later.”[Specialist nurse, female, 11 years of professional experience];
“I do not believe that the PIVC-P will make stock management more difficult… everything within the pack can be used later if not open.”[Registered nurse, female, 15 years of professional experience];
“There is no waste! If I open the PIVC-P and do not use a certain material, I can always reuse it later due to the individual packaging.”[Specialist nurse, female, 11 years of professional experience];
“There is less waste.”[Specialist nurse, female, 16 years of professional experience].
“It makes sense because, even if we sanitise current tourniquets, the process is not truly effective.”[Specialist nurse, female, 13 years of professional experience];
“I am unsure in terms of cost but, if possible, the tourniquet should be included within the PIVC-P (…) we just need to grab a pack and it is one less thing to search for.”[Specialist nurse, female, 15 years of professional experience];
“If [single-use disposable tourniquets] are effective, yes, I would include it inside the PIVC-P.”[Registered nurse, female, 34 years of professional experience];
“I believe these tourniquets can avoid contaminations and healthcare-associated infections associated with tourniquet use.”[Specialist nurse, male, 11 years of professional experience];
“If the PIVC-P could include [single-use disposable tourniquets] that would be a great thing”[Specialist nurse, female, 11 years of professional experience];
“At the moment, a disposable tourniquet would add value (…) yes, one inside the PIVC-P.”[Registered nurse, female, 14 years of professional experience].
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group A (Traditional Material) | Group B (PIVC-P) |
---|---|
|
|
Round 1 | Round 2 | Reasoning for Change |
---|---|---|
2 peripheral intravenous catheter sizes 18G, 20G, or 22G | 1 peripheral intravenous catheter sizes 18G, 20G, or 22G | First-attempt success rate is high. If difficult catheter insertion is expected, nurses should prepare a second catheter separately. |
1 band-aid | 1 band-aid | Not applicable. |
1 pre-filled syringe with 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride | 1 pre-filled syringe with 0.9% isotonic sodium chloride (10 mL) | After discussing current practices and flushing recommendations, nurses believed a 10 mL syringe will not only allow for a post-catheter insertion flush, but also for a PIVC flush if an immediate drug administration occurs. |
2 sterile gauzes of non-woven fabric | 2 sterile gauzes of non-woven fabric | Not applicable. |
1 sterile gauze impregnated with antiseptic solution | 1 sterile gauze impregnated with antiseptic solution | Not applicable. |
1 pair of clean gloves | Not applicable. | Glove size depends on user, creating the need for a larger number of PIVC-P (per catheter and glove size). Gloves should be prepared separately. |
1 needless connector | 1 needless connector with Luer-lock technology | Safer connection with syringes, less risk of catheter accidental removal or dislodgement. |
1 transparent dressing | 1 transparent polyurethane dressing with reinforced borders | Better fixation, allowing for patients to carry their basic activities of daily living (e.g., showering) without risking accidental PIVC removal. |
1 protective field | Not applicable. | Not commonly used, generates clinical waste. Blood spillage is reduced given the technology of the selected PIVC. |
Dimensions | Semi-Functional Prototype Assessment (SD; min. − max.) | Functional Prototype Assessment (SD; min. − max.) | Differences |
---|---|---|---|
Usefulness | M = 6.25 (±0.67; 5–7) | M = 6.75 (±0.38; 5.67–7) | Z = −2.492 (p = 0.013) |
Ease of use | M = 6.13 (±0.59; 5–7) | M = 6.81 (±0.32; 5.9–7) | Z = −2.805 (p = 0.005) |
Ease of learning | M = 5.87 (±0.97; 4–7) | M = 6.74 (±0.39; 5.67–7) | Z = −2.527 (p = 0.012) |
Satisfaction/intention to use | M = 6.32 (±0.57; 5–7) | M = 6.87 (±0.17; 6.57–7) | Z = −2.937 (p = 0.003) |
Total score | M = 6.19 (±0.59; 5–6.9) | M = 6.80 (±0.22; 6.36–7) | Z = −3.041 (p = 0.002) |
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Santos-Costa, P.; Alves, M.; Sousa, C.; Sousa, L.B.; Paiva-Santos, F.; Bernardes, R.A.; Ventura, F.; Salgueiro-Oliveira, A.; Parreira, P.; Vieira, M.; et al. Nurses’ Involvement in the Development and Usability Assessment of an Innovative Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation Pack: A Mix-Method Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711130
Santos-Costa P, Alves M, Sousa C, Sousa LB, Paiva-Santos F, Bernardes RA, Ventura F, Salgueiro-Oliveira A, Parreira P, Vieira M, et al. Nurses’ Involvement in the Development and Usability Assessment of an Innovative Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation Pack: A Mix-Method Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711130
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantos-Costa, Paulo, Mariana Alves, Carolina Sousa, Liliana B. Sousa, Filipe Paiva-Santos, Rafael A. Bernardes, Filipa Ventura, Anabela Salgueiro-Oliveira, Pedro Parreira, Margarida Vieira, and et al. 2022. "Nurses’ Involvement in the Development and Usability Assessment of an Innovative Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation Pack: A Mix-Method Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 11130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711130
APA StyleSantos-Costa, P., Alves, M., Sousa, C., Sousa, L. B., Paiva-Santos, F., Bernardes, R. A., Ventura, F., Salgueiro-Oliveira, A., Parreira, P., Vieira, M., & Graveto, J. (2022). Nurses’ Involvement in the Development and Usability Assessment of an Innovative Peripheral Intravenous Catheterisation Pack: A Mix-Method Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711130