In the COVID-19 Era, Effects of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life and Resilience on Psychological Well-Being of Women Workers in the Service Sector
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Job Stress
2.3.2. Coping Strategies
2.3.3. Meaning in Life
2.3.4. Resilience
2.3.5. Psychological Well-Being
2.4. Statistical Analyses
- For the degree of general characteristics, the meaning of life, job stress, coping strategies, resilience, and the psychological well-being of subjects, descriptive statistics, such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, were used.
- For differences in the psychological well-being of subjects, according to the general characteristics, this study used the t-test and ANOVA, and Scheffé’s test as post-test.
- The correlations of meaning of life, job stress, coping strategies, resilience, and psychological well-being of subjects were analyzed through the Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
- To examine the factors affecting the psychological well-being of subjects, this study used the stepwise multiple regression analysis after diagnosing the multicollinearity.
2.5. Ethical Principles
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Differences in Psychological Well-Being According to the General Characteristics of Subjects
3.3. Degree of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life, Resilience, and Psychological Well-Being of Subjects
3.4. Relations of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life, Resilience, and Psychological Well-Being of Subjects
3.5. Factors Affecting the Subjects’ Psychological Well-Being
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Division | Number | % | Mean | SD | t/F | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (year) | 21–29 | 20 | 14.8 | 2.00 | 0.38 | 0.61 | 0.545 |
30–39 | 47 | 34.8 | 2.30 | 0.52 | |||
40–51 | 68 | 50.4 | 2.27 | 0.58 | |||
Marital status | Married | 115 | 85.2 | 3.49 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.693 |
Unmarried, etc. | 20 | 14.8 | 3.45 | 0.43 | |||
Religion | Yes | 53 | 39.3 | 3.49 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 0.853 |
No | 82 | 60.7 | 3.47 | 0.38 | |||
Education | Graduated from high school | 9 | 6.7 | 3.63 | 0.39 | 1.17 | 0.246 |
Above college | 126 | 93.3 | 3.47 | 0.39 | |||
Working experience (year) | <12 | 27 | 20 | 3.55 | 0.34 | 1.04 | 0.302 |
≥12 | 108 | 80 | 3.46 | 0.40 | |||
Educational experience (number) | 0 | 125 | 92.6 | 3.48 | 0.39 | 0.10 | −0.924 |
≥1 | 10 | 7.4 | 3.49 | 0.4 | |||
Monthly income (10,000 KRW) | <400 | 69 | 51.1 | 3.49 | 0.34 | −0.97 | 0.334 |
≥400 | 66 | 48.9 | 3.52 | 0.44 | |||
Economic status | High | 20 | 14.8 | 3.66 | 0.41 | 2.21 | 0.029 |
Low~moderate | 115 | 85.2 | 3.45 | 0.38 | |||
Health status | Healthy | 125 | 92.6 | 3.50 | 0.40 | 0.61 | 0.542 |
Unhealthy | 10 | 7.4 | 3.41 | 0.28 | |||
Sleeping status | Sleeps well | 122 | 90.4 | 3.50 | 0.40 | 1.70 | 0.091 |
Does not sleep well | 13 | 9.6 | 3.31 | 0.26 |
Variables | Categories | Mean | SD | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Job stress | Job role stress | 2.78 | 0.55 | 1.17–4.17 |
Interpersonal stress | 2.28 | 0.75 | 1.00–4.00 | |
Job environment stress | 2.39 | 0.80 | 1.00–4.60 | |
Interactional stress | 3.14 | 0.92 | 1.00–5.00 | |
Total | 2.63 | 0.6 | 1.20–3.95 | |
Coping strategy | Social support-seeking coping mechanism | 2.22 | 0.40 | 1.27–3.00 |
Problem-solving-focused coping mechanism | 2.29 | 0.34 | 1.45–3.00 | |
Avoidance-focused coping mechanism | 1.74 | 0.33 | 1.00–2.73 | |
Meaning in life | Pursuit of meaning | 5.43 | 0.97 | 2.60–7.00 |
Discovery of meaning | 5.22 | 0.94 | 2.00–7.00 | |
Total | 5.32 | 0.92 | 2.70–7.00 | |
Resilience | 2.76 | 0.41 | 1.86–3.79 | |
Psychological well-being | Self-acceptance | 3.47 | 0.45 | 2.50–4.63 |
Positive interpersonal relationships | 3.48 | 0.66 | 1.86–4.71 | |
Autonomy | 3.31 | 0.40 | 2.14–4.57 | |
Environmental control | 3.55 | 0.47 | 2.29–4.71 | |
Purpose of life | 3.66 | 0.53 | 2.00–5.00 | |
Personal growth | 3.45 | 0.45 | 2.25–4.50 | |
Total | 3.48 | 0.39 | 2.20–4.45 |
Variables | Job Role Stress R (p) | Interpersonal Stress R (p) | Job Environment Stress R (p) | Interactional Stress R (p) | Job Stress R (p) | Social Support-Seeking Coping R (p) | Problem-Solving-Focused Coping r (p) | Avoidance-Focused Coping r (p) | Pursuit of Meaning R (p) | Discovery of Meaning R (p) | Meaning of Life R (p) | Resilience R (p) | Psychological Well-Being R (p) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job role stress | 1 | ||||||||||||
Interpersonal stress | 0.63 (<0.001) | 1 | |||||||||||
Job environment stress | 0.63 (<0.001) | 0.69 (<0.001) | 1 | ||||||||||
Interactional stress | 0.40 (<0.001) | 0.30 (<0.001) | 0.58 (<0.001) | 1 | |||||||||
Job stress | 0.81 (<0.001) | 0.81 (<0.001) | 0.90 (<0.001) | 0.71 (<0.001) | 1 | ||||||||
Social support-seeking coping mechanism | −0.13 (0.133) | −0.27 (0.002) | −0.26 (0.002) | −0.16 (0.072) | −0.26 (0.003) | 1 | |||||||
Problem-solving-focused coping mechanism | −0.21 (0.014) | −0.24 (0.006) | −0.37 (<0.001) | −0.20 (0.022) | −0.32 (<0.001) | 0.54 (<0.001) | 1 | ||||||
Avoidance-focused coping mechanism | 0.25 (0.004) | 0.23 (0.008) | 0.14 (0.114) | 0.13 (0.130) | 0.23 (<0.001) | −0.02 (0.783) | −0.07 (0.396) | 1 | |||||
Pursuit of meaning | −0.16 (0.064) | −0.27 (0.002) | −0.30 (<0.001) | −0.14 (0.110) | −0.27 (0.001) | 0.16 (0.072) | 0.29 (0.001) | 0.01 (0.887) | 1 | ||||
Discovery of meaning | −0.11 (0.198) | −0.20 (0.021) | −0.20 (0.021) | −0.08 (0.367) | −0.18 (0.032) | 0.12 (0.160) | 0.24 (0.006) | 0.11 (0.186) | 0.85 (<0.001) | 1 | |||
Meaning in life | −0.141 (0.102) | −0.24 (0.005) | −0.26 (0.002) | −0.11 (0.193) | −0.24 (0.005) | 0.14 (0.096) | 0.28 (0.001) | 0.07 (0.453) | 0.96 (<0.001) | 0.96 (<0.001) | 1 | ||
Resilience | −0.15 (0.077) | −0.08 (0.352) | −0.14 (0.109) | −0.10 (0.262) | −0.14 (0.095) | 0.12 (0.180) | 0.33 (<0.001) | 0.09 (0.308) | 0.28 (0.001) | 0.28 (0.001) | 0.29 (0.001) | 1 | |
Psychological well-being | −0.43 (<0.001) | −0.41 (<0.001) | −0.40 (<0.001) | −0.20 (0.019) | −0.44 (<0.001) | 0.33 (<0.001) | 0.55 (<0.001) | −0.28 (0.001) | 0.44 (<0.001) | 0.42 (<0.001) | 0.45 (<0.001) | 0.37 (<0.001) | 1 |
Variables | B | SE | β | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 2.46 | 0.28 | 8.85 | <0.001 | |
Problem-solving-focused coping mechanism | 0.40 | 0.07 | 0.35 | 5.40 | <0.001 |
Job role stress | −0.17 | 0.05 | −0.24 | −3.71 | <0.001 |
Meaning in life | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.29 | 4.46 | <0.001 |
Avoidance-focused coping mechanism | −0.27 | 0.08 | −0.23 | −3.67 | <0.001 |
Resilience | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 2.31 | 0.023 |
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Kim, H.-K. In the COVID-19 Era, Effects of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life and Resilience on Psychological Well-Being of Women Workers in the Service Sector. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169824
Kim H-K. In the COVID-19 Era, Effects of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life and Resilience on Psychological Well-Being of Women Workers in the Service Sector. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169824
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Hee-Kyung. 2022. "In the COVID-19 Era, Effects of Job Stress, Coping Strategies, Meaning in Life and Resilience on Psychological Well-Being of Women Workers in the Service Sector" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 9824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169824