Are Crohn’s Disease Patients Limited in Sport Practise? An UltraEndurance Case–Control Study Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Report
3. Methods
3.1. Ultra-Endurance Event
3.2. Evaluation of the Participants
- Thirty-two hours prior to the ultra-endurance event, analysing basal heart rate variability (HRV). Data were collected with the participants lying in a bed after waking up (8:00 a.m.);
- Seven hours prior to the ultra-endurance event, analysing HRV and body composition parameters. Data were collected with participant lying in a bed after waking up (8:00 a.m.);
- Ultra-endurance event: At 14:45 p.m. 1 h pre-event, HRV was collected (20 °C, 20% humidity). From 15:45 to 23:54 p.m., race HRV was collected (see Figure 2) (13 °C, 82% humidity), and from 23:54 p.m. to 00:54 a.m., post-event HRV was collected (5 °C, 85% humidity). Before, during, and after the ultra-endurance event, the following parameters were analysed: rating of perceived exertion, leg pain, blood glucose, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, temperature, urine colourimetry, urine nitrates, protein, glucose, and pH. Hand strength, leg strength, and respiratory muscle strength were analysed before and after the event. All analyses were conducted following previous procedures and analysis systems [18].
3.3. Study Variables
- Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), Borg 6–20 scale [19];
- Perceived leg muscle pain in a self-reported 1–100 scale [17];
- Blood glucose concentration by the analysis of 5 µL of capillary finger blood using a portable analyser (One Touch Basic, LifeScan Inc., Madrid, Spain);
- Body temperature (BT) was measured by an armpit thermometer (digiT-40, Cammi Group SpA. Calvisano, Italia);
- Blood oxygen saturation and HR by a pulse oximeter (PO 30 Beurer Medical);
- Respiratory muscle strength by the forced vital capacity (FVC) using a QM-SP100 (Quirumed, Spain) spirometer in a maximum inhale–exhale cycle;
- Isometric hand strength by a grip dynamometer (Takei Kiki. Koyo, Japan);
- Leg strength manifestation was analysed by a horizontal jump test. Subjects performed a standardized warm-up comprising 2 × 10 vertical jumps with 30 s of recovery, and then, they performed two maximal horizontal jumps using the best attempt for the statistical analysis [20];
- Urine samples were collected to analyse dehydration levels by the urine colour chart (colour range 1–8; where 1 = very pale-yellow urine, reflected a good level of hydration, and 8 = very dark yellowish brown, reflected a significant level of dehydration) [21]. Urine nitrates, protein, glucose, and pH were measured with the Urine Combur-Test (Roche, Madrid, Spain) stripes [22];
- Body mass index (BMI), muscle mass, and fat mass were determined by using bioelectrical impedance analysis (InBody 720, Biospace Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) [23];
- HRV measurements were recorded by a validated (Giles, Draper, and Neil, 2015) Polar V800 heart rate monitor (Polar, Kempele, Finland). The R-R series was analysed using Kubios HRV® software (version 2.1, Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland). The following variables were analysed: minimum, average, and maximal hear rate (HR, bpm); square root of the mean of the sum of the squared differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals (RMSSD, ms); percentage of differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals more than 50 milliseconds (PNN50, count); low (HF) and high (HF) frequency bands (LF) in normalized units (nu); LF/HF ratio; sensitivity of the short-term (SD1, ms) and long-term (SD2, ms) variability of the non-linear spectre of the HRV, and the approximate entropy of HRV (ApEn, ms).
4. Results
5. Discussion
Limitation of the Study
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Montreal Crohn’s Disease Classification * | Age (Years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | Fat Mass (kg) | Muscle Mass (kg) | Training (min/Week) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crohn’s disease participant | A3 L3 B1 | 41 | 178 | 77.7 | 17.7 | 33.7 | 322.4 |
Non-Crohn’s disease participant | - | 36 | 174 | 68.8 | 13.1 | 31.6 | 350.3 |
Time | Urine Colourimetry | Urine Nitrates | Urine pH | Urine Protein (mg/dL) | Urine Glucose (mg/dL) | ||||||
Crohn’s Disease participant | 14:16 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
19:45 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
23:56 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | ||||||
Non-Crohn’s Disease participant | 14:16 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |||||
19:45 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
23:56 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
Time | Rating of Perceived Exertion | Leg Pain Perception | Glucose (mmol/L) | Blood Oxygen Saturation (%) | Heart Rate (bpm) | Temperature (°C) | Hand Strength (N) | Leg Strength (cm) | Forced Vital Capacity (mL) | Sit and Reach (cm) | |
Crohn’s Disease participant | 14:16 | 7 | 15 | 8.2 | 99 | 73 | 35.6 | 45.5 | 120 | 5300 | 17 |
19:45 | 11 | 30 | 4.8 | 96 | 69 | 34.2 | |||||
23:56 | 20 | 100 | 4.6 | 96 | 72 | 34.6 | 38.1 | 73 | 3800 | 8 | |
Non-Crohn’s Disease participant | 14:16 | 6 | 5 | 9.9 | 96 | 70 | 35.9 | 53.4 | 182 | 5200 | 22.5 |
19:45 | 10 | 35 | 4.7 | 97 | 63 | 36.0 | |||||
23:56 | 20 | 95 | 4.5 | 96 | 71 | 37.8 | 45.2 | 120 | 3850 | 11 |
Evaluation Moment | Mean HR (bpm) | Min HR (bpm) | Max HR (bpm) | RMSSD (ms) | LF/HF Ratio | SD1 (ms) | SD2 (ms) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crohn’s Disease participant | Pre 32 h | 60.7 | 54.1 | 78.6 | 24.3 | 9.75 | 17.26 | 54.0 |
Pre 7 h | 57.64 | 51.4 | 70.3 | 32.7 | 9.76 | 23.1 | 69.7 | |
Pre 1 h | 82.4 | 55.5 | 123.2 | 52.0 | 2.41 | 36.78 | 66.4 | |
Event | 112 | 58.2 | 162.3 | 23.2 | 1.8 | 16.4 | 28.2 | |
Post 1 h | 78 | 61.4 | 105.2 | 20.5 | 5.15 | 14.5 | 40.8 | |
Non-Crohn’s Disease participant | Pre 32 h | 59 | 51 | 67 | 57.6 | 1.7 | 40.8 | 69.5 |
Pre 7 h | 56 | 49.4 | 68.2 | 36.6 | 4.46 | 25.9 | 63.8 | |
Pre 1 h | 77 | 49 | 138 | 58.7 | 3.62 | 41.6 | 91.3 | |
Event | 113.8 | 58 | 166.1 | 13.1 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 31.2 | |
Post 1 h | 73.5 | 50 | 106.8 | 41.3 | 17.69 | 29.3 | 96.0 |
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Tornero-Aguilera, J.F.; Sánchez-Molina, J.; Parraca, J.A.; Morais, A.; Clemente-Suárez, V.J. Are Crohn’s Disease Patients Limited in Sport Practise? An UltraEndurance Case–Control Study Response. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610007
Tornero-Aguilera JF, Sánchez-Molina J, Parraca JA, Morais A, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Are Crohn’s Disease Patients Limited in Sport Practise? An UltraEndurance Case–Control Study Response. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16):10007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610007
Chicago/Turabian StyleTornero-Aguilera, José Francisco, Joaquín Sánchez-Molina, Jose A. Parraca, Ana Morais, and Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez. 2022. "Are Crohn’s Disease Patients Limited in Sport Practise? An UltraEndurance Case–Control Study Response" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16: 10007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610007