The COVID-19 Pandemic in Care Homes: An Exploration of Its Impact across Regions in Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Health Care and Long-Term Care in Spain: A Background
1.2. Research Goals
2. Methods
2.1. Documentary Analysis
2.2. Quantitative Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mortality Indicators in Spain
3.2. Factors Underlying COVID-19 Care Home Mortality in Spain
3.3. Cumulative Incidence in the Surrounding Area of Care Homes
3.4. Number of Care Home Beds in the AC
3.5. Care Home Size
3.6. Ownership
3.7. Factor Associations
4. Discussion
Data Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of COVID-19 Deaths in Care Homes a,b | % of Total COVID-19 Deaths a,b | % of All Care Home Residents a,b | % Excess Deaths among People Older Than 74 c,d | % of COVID-19 Deaths Certified as Having Occurred in a Care Home e,f | % Excess Deaths among Publicly Funded Care Home Residents g,h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andalucía | 557 | 39.06% | 2.54% | 9.71% | 16.03% | 41.30% |
Aragón | 765 | 83.97% | 4.38% | 35.49% | 29.26% | 87.80% |
Asturias | 228 | 68.47% | 3.56% | 21.66% | 13.24% | 46.80% |
Baleares | 96 | 42.86% | 2.39% | 2.21% | 4.44% | 46.30% |
Canarias | 18 | 11.11% | 0.25% | 5.52% | 1.67% | 18.50% |
Cantabria | 141 | 65.28% | 2.21% | 19.30% | 16.55% | 48.80% |
Castilla y León | 1725 | 62.12% | 4.02% | 68.31% | 36.56% | 105.60% |
Castilla-La Mancha | 1309 | 43.32% | 4.68% | 104.20% | 35.12% | 200.40% |
Catalunya | 5206 | 91.88% | 10.91% | 80.11% | 34,20% | 169.40% |
Comunidad Valenciana | 546 | 38.16% | 2.69% | 17.08% | 19.64% | 78.30% |
Extremadura | 432 | 83.24% | 2.89% | 33.35% | 33.46% | 82.80% |
Galicia | 274 | 44.26% | 1.43% | 4.71% | 22.11% | 38.40% |
Comunidad de Madrid | 5987 | 71.14% | 14.20% | 139.66% | 27.73% | 224.70% |
Murcia | 111 | 75.51% | 2.65% | 5.43% | 33.73% | 65.90% |
Navarra | 437 | 82.77% | 8.21% | 56.27% | 41.35% | 130.90% |
País Vasco | 311 | 20.00% | 1.65% | 33.82% | 30.82% | 68.30% |
La Rioja | 217 | 59.45% | 8.43% | 39.00% | 32.84% | 29.20% |
Total Spain | 18,360 | 68.84% | 5.93% | 47.07% | 30.09% | 121.10% |
% Excess Deaths among Publicly Funded Care Home Residents a,b | Accumulated Incidence/100,000 Inhabitants c,d | Total Number of Care Home Beds e,f | Care Home Average Size g,h | % Private Care Homes g,h | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andalucía | 41.30% | 168.90 | 45,543 | 67.80 | 77.29% |
Aragón | 87.80% | 452.40 | 17,462 | 66.60 | 74.05% |
Asturias | 46.80% | 199.80 | 15,204 | 62.40 | 80.00% |
Baleares | 46.30% | 171.60 | 6573 | 95.20 | 58.82% |
Canarias | 18.50% | 87.60 | 9994 | 49.60 | 64.68% |
Cantabria | 48.80% | 366.70 | 6444 | 100.20 | 84.38% |
Castilla y León | 105.60% | 1005.30 | 48,089 | 68.90 | 71.63% |
Castilla-La Mancha | 200.40% | 914.40 | 28,695 | 78.10 | 61.16% |
Catalunya | 169.40% | 638.90 | 59,792 | 55.80 | 85.10% |
Comunidad Valenciana | 78.30% | 240.30 | 27,248 | 82.40 | 79.39% |
Extremadura | 82.80% | 476.20 | 14,974 | 45.70 | 27.69% |
Galicia | 38.40% | 352.50 | 21,704 | 87.80 | 74.32% |
Comunidad de Madrid | 224.70% | 807.20 | 52,882 | 109.60 | 86.76% |
Murcia | 65.90% | 127.30 | 5395 | 71.00 | 82.89% |
Navarra | 130.90% | 1022.90 | 6664 | 78.80 | 60.81% |
País Vasco | 68.30% | 551.40 | 21,765 | 67.70 | 74.19% |
La Rioja | 29.20% | 997.80 | 3235 | 104.00 | 70.97% |
Total Spain | 121.10% | 478.70 | 391,663 | 70.20* | 74.12% |
Model Coefficients–Excess Deaths among Publicly Funded Care Home Residents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Predictor | Estimate | SE | t | p |
Intercept | 6.66113 | 21.3295 | 0.312 | 0.759 |
Accumulated incidence/100,000 inhabitants | 0.08643 | 0.0328 | 2.639 | 0.019 |
Total number of care home beds | 0.00160 | 6.04 × 10−4 | 2.659 | 0.019 |
Model Fit Measures | |||
---|---|---|---|
Model | R | R2 | Adjusted R2 |
1 | 0.757 | 0.574 | 0.513 |
Private Care Homes | Care Home Average Size | Total Number of Care Home Beds | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Private Care Homes | Pearson’s r | - | - | - |
p-value | - | - | - | |
Care Home Average Size | Pearson’s r | 0.368 | - | - |
p-value | 0.147 | - | - | |
Total Number of Care Home Beds | Pearson’s r | 0.337 | −0.102 | - |
p-value | 0.185 | 0.698 | - |
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Benet, M.; Celi-Medina, P.; Fernández, M.; Ezquerra, S. The COVID-19 Pandemic in Care Homes: An Exploration of Its Impact across Regions in Spain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159617
Benet M, Celi-Medina P, Fernández M, Ezquerra S. The COVID-19 Pandemic in Care Homes: An Exploration of Its Impact across Regions in Spain. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159617
Chicago/Turabian StyleBenet, Marta, Patricia Celi-Medina, Montserrat Fernández, and Sandra Ezquerra. 2022. "The COVID-19 Pandemic in Care Homes: An Exploration of Its Impact across Regions in Spain" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159617