Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials and Design
2.2.1. Primary Outcomes
2.2.2. Secondary Outcomes
2.3. Data Pre-Processing and Statistical Analysis Approach
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Clinical Symptoms
3.3. Variables Associated with a Lower Clinical Symptoms
3.4. Predicting Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (IES-R)
3.5. Predicting Burnout (MBI)
3.6. Psychological Profiles of Police Officers
4. Discussion
4.1. Identification of Risk and Protective Factors for PTSD and BO through Integrative Analyses
4.2. Identification of Police Profiles at Risk Versus Resilient to PTSD and Burnout
4.3. Relationship of Findings to Non-Police Populations
4.4. Meaning of the Study and Possible Implications
4.5. Strengths, Limitations and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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IES-R PTSD | MBI Burnout | MBI Emotional Exhaustion | HADS Anxiety | HADS Depression | BDI-II Suicidal Ideation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | 12.0 (13.4) | Multi-scale | 12.9 (9.0) | 5.6 (3.3) | 3.2 (3.0) | 0.14 (0.37) |
IQR | 2–17 | - | 17–50 | 3–7 | 1–5 | 0–0 |
Max | 76 | - | 50 | 21 | 18 | 3 |
Threshold≥ | 24|33 | Multi-scale | 18 | 8 | 8 | 1 |
% Positive | 16|9 | 16 | 25 | 25 | 9 | 14 |
IES-R PTSD | MBI Burnout | HADS Anxiety | HADS Depression | BDI-II Suicidal Ideation | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% Positive | 9% | 16% | 25% | 9% | 14% |
BCope Reinterpretation Positive | −3.04 * | −7.34 *** | −7.44 *** | −6.57 *** | −4.63 *** |
B5 Agreableness | −2.57 | −7.76 *** | −4.52 *** | −4.37 *** | −4.17 *** |
BCope Humour | −3.68 ** | −3.08 * | −6.18 *** | −4.88 *** | −1.25 |
B5 Conscientiousness | −1.10 | −4.88 *** | −3.05 * | −3.26 * | −1.49 |
B5 Extraversion | −0.85 | −3.86 ** | −2.43 | −4.38 *** | −1.72 |
BCope Acceptance | −0.56 | −4.82 *** | −3.57 ** | −2.28 | −1.57 |
BCope Active Coping | 0.88 | −4.21 *** | −0.70 | −3.36 * | 0.08 |
BCope Emotional Expression | 1.09 | −2.30 | 0.29 | −3.00 * | −0.46 |
B5 Neuroticism | 6.74 *** | 11.11 *** | 19.66 *** | 8.30 *** | 7.34 *** |
PSQ Stress Organisational | 4.98 *** | 13.62 *** | 10.09 *** | 8.58 *** | 5.14 *** |
PSQ Life Imbalance | 6.22 *** | 8.72 *** | 6.63 *** | 8.67 *** | 4.08 ** |
BCope Behavior Withdrawal | 6.66 *** | 7.08 *** | 7.96 *** | 7.07 *** | 5.03 *** |
BCope Blame | 5.51 *** | 5.23 *** | 8.55 *** | 6.50 *** | 6.56 *** |
BCope Substance Use | 4.08 ** | 5.60 *** | 6.14 *** | 4.12 ** | 4.40 *** |
BCope Denial | 6.09 *** | 3.93 ** | 5.70 *** | 3.88 ** | 4.44 *** |
PSQ Stress Operational | 5.36 *** | 5.94 *** | 4.60 *** | 4.16* * | 2.24 |
BCope Distraction | 7.91 *** | 1.93 | 4.25 *** | 0.07 | 1.89 |
BCope Religion | 3.78 ** | 1.28 | 3.82 ** | 1.39 | 4.17 *** |
Years of Service | 1.59 | 0.79 | 2.57 | 2.50 | 6.24 *** |
Age | 1.82 | 0.48 | 1.98 | 1.39 | 5.36 *** |
BCope Emotional Support | 4.23 *** | −0.74 | 3.18 * | −1.02 | 0.76 |
Gender | 0.11 | 0.33 | −3.15 * | 1.07 | 5.05 *** |
Variable | B | CI | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
B5 Openness | −0.12 | [−0.17, −0.07] | −4.9 | <0.001 |
BCope Humour | −0.09 | [−0.14, −0.04] | −3.36 | 0.001 |
BCope Active Coping | −0.08 | [−0.15, −0.01] | −2.33 | 0.02 |
PSQ Stress Operational | 0.17 | [0.12, 0.22] | 6.38 | <0.001 |
BCope Substance Use | 0.14 | [0.09, 0.19] | 5.74 | <0.001 |
BCope Behavior Withdrawal | 0.14 | [0.09, 0.19] | 5.32 | <0.001 |
BCope Distraction | 0.14 | [0.09, 0.19] | 5.23 | <0.001 |
BCope Religion | 0.11 | [0.06, 0.16] | 4.47 | <0.001 |
BCope Emotional Support | 0.17 | [0.10, 0.25] | 4.44 | <0.001 |
B5 Neuroticism | 0.12 | [0.07, 0.18] | 4.38 | <0.001 |
BCope Denial | 0.10 | [0.05, 0.15] | 3.9 | <0.001 |
BCope Emotional Expression | 0.12 | [0.05, 0.18] | 3.52 | <0.001 |
BCope Acceptance | 0.08 | [0.02, 0.13] | 2.85 | 0.004 |
Variable | B | CI | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
BCope Active Coping | −0.88 | [−1.31, −0.45] | −4.03 | <0.001 |
B5 Agreableness | −0.51 | [−0.79, −0.24] | −3.72 | <0.001 |
B5 Conscientiousness | −0.48 | [−0.76, −0.2] | −3.4 | 0.001 |
Bcope Reinterpretation Positive | −0.6 | [−1.0, −0.2] | −2.96 | 0.003 |
Bcope Acceptance | −0.38 | [−0.69, −0.08] | −2.44 | 0.02 |
PSQ Stress Organizational | 2.15 | [1.74, 2.55] | 10.3 | <0.001 |
B5 Neuroticism | 1.55 | [1.2, 1.91] | 8.57 | <0.001 |
PSQ Life Imbalance | 0.82 | [0.5, 1.13] | 5.08 | <0.001 |
Bcope Behavior Withdrawal | 0.46 | [0.23, 0.68] | 3.9 | <0.001 |
Bcope Distraction | 0.42 | [0.07, 0.77] | 2.36 | 0.02 |
Bcope Substance Use | 0.23 | [0.0, 0.46] | 2 | 0.04 |
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Anders, R.; Willemin-Petignat, L.; Rolli Salathé, C.; Samson, A.C.; Putois, B. Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159218
Anders R, Willemin-Petignat L, Rolli Salathé C, Samson AC, Putois B. Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159218
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnders, Royce, Lauriane Willemin-Petignat, Cornelia Rolli Salathé, Andrea C. Samson, and Benjamin Putois. 2022. "Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159218
APA StyleAnders, R., Willemin-Petignat, L., Rolli Salathé, C., Samson, A. C., & Putois, B. (2022). Profiling Police Forces against Stress: Risk and Protective Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Burnout in Police Officers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9218. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159218