Distribution, Assessment, and Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Qinjiang River, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Pre-Treatment
2.3. Physicochemical Analysis of Sediments
2.4. Microwave-Assisted Acid Digestion and Determination of Metals
2.5. Sequential Extraction Procedure (BCR)
2.6. Contamination and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments
2.6.1. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.6.2. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.6.3. Sediment Quality Guidelines
2.6.4. Risk Assessment Code
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Concentration and Physicochemical Properties of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Qinjiang River
3.2. Geochemical Fractionations of Heavy Metals
3.3. Pollution and Risk Assessment
3.3.1. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
3.3.2. Potential Ecological Risk Index
3.3.3. Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs)
3.3.4. Risk Assessment Code
3.4. Source Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Step | Extracting Agent | Extraction Process |
---|---|---|
F1 (Acid Soluble) | 20 mL, 0.11 mol/L CH3COOH | Shaking at 220 rpm at 22 ± 5 ℃ for 16 h |
F2 (Reducible) | 20 mL, 0.5 mol/L NH2OH-HCl (pH = 1.5) | Shaking at 220 rpm at 22 ± 5 ℃ for 16 h |
F3 (Oxidizable) | 10 mL, 30% H2O2; 25 mL, 1.0 mol/L CH3COONH4 (pH = 2) | Heated 85 ℃ for 1 h. Shaking at 220 rpm at 22 ± 5 ℃ for 16 h |
F4 (Residual) | 2.5 mL HNO₃, 2.0 mL HF, 1.0 mL HCIO₄ | Microwave digestion |
Grades of Ecological Risk for a Single Metal | RI | Grades of Ecological Risk for a Single Metal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
This Study | Zhu et al., 2012 [40] | This Study | Zhu et al., 2012 [40] | ||
≤ 30 | ≤ 40 | Low risk | RI ≤ 70 | RI ≤ 150 | Low risk |
≤ 60 | ≤ 80 | Moderate risk | 70 < RI ≤ 140 | 150 < RI ≤ 300 | Moderate risk |
≤ 120 | ≤ 160 | Considerable risk | 140 < RI ≤ 280 | 300 < RI ≤ 600 | Considerable risk |
≤ 240 | ≤ 320 | High risk | RI ≥ 280 | RI ≥ 600 | Very high risk |
≥ 240 | ≥ 320 | Very high risk |
Elements | Maximum | Minimum | Median | Average | Background | CV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | 40,776.19 | 19,576.20 | 29,971.10 | 31,401.95 | — | 17.66% |
Mn | 1106.67 | 147.57 | 469.66 | 500.27 | 159.32 | 53.55% |
Zn | 212.44 | 65.67 | 101.74 | 112.49 | 48.25 | 37.02% |
Co | 12.78 | 6.30 | 8.63 | 9.05 | 14.60 | 21.08% |
Ni | 20.79 | 15.72 | 17.80 | 17.82 | 24.00 | 9.87% |
Cd | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.07 | 22.75% |
Cr | 41.92 | 13.90 | 30.49 | 29.78 | 21.41 | 26.49% |
Cu | 74.52 | 56.60 | 65.10 | 65.45 | 11.31 | 7.64% |
Pb | 33.47 | 17.08 | 22.16 | 22.99 | 20.43 | 20.74% |
Heavy Metals | Fe | Mn | Zn | Co | Ni | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TEL [46,50] | — | 460 | 124 | — | 15.9 | 0.68 | 52.3 | 18.7 | 30.2 | |
PEL [46,50] | — | 1100 | 271 | — | 42.8 | 4.21 | 160.4 | 108.2 | 112.2 | |
The comparison with TEL and PEL | % of samples in each guideline | |||||||||
Ι | <TEL | — | 47 | 19 | — | 21 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 85 |
ΙΙ | >TEL and <PEL | — | 47 | 81 | — | 79 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 15 |
ΙΙΙ | >PEL | — | 6 | 0 | — | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Elements | Fe | Mn | Zn | Co | Ni | Cd | Cr | Cu | Pb | pH | Salinity | TOC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | 1.000 | |||||||||||
Mn | 0.405 * | 1.000 | ||||||||||
Zn | 0.279 | 0.012 | 1.000 | |||||||||
Co | 0.481 * | 0.157 | 0.601 ** | 1.000 | ||||||||
Ni | 0.254 | 0.202 | 0.491 * | 0.459 * | 1.000 | |||||||
Cd | 0.390 * | 0.479 * | 0.234 | 0.331 | 0.045 | 1.000 | ||||||
Cr | 0.879 ** | 0.405 * | 0.389 * | 0.353 | 0.280 | 0.393 * | 1.000 | |||||
Cu | 0.519 * | 0.729 ** | 0.007 | 0.053 | 0.141 | 0.290 | 0.576 ** | 1.000 | ||||
Pb | 0.631 ** | 0.158 | 0.339 | 0.532 ** | 0.342 | 0.457* | 0.425 * | 0.106 | 1.000 | |||
pH | −0.350 | 0.433 * | −0.170 | −0.055 | −0.126 | 0.200 | −0.251 | 0.397 * | −0.200 | 1.000 | ||
Salinity | 0.169 | -0.341 | 0.369 | −0.005 | 0.461 * | −0.155 | 0.305 | −0.117 | 0.056 | −0.581 ** | 1.000 | |
TOC | 0.620 ** | 0.294 | 0.446 * | 0.370 | 0.511 * | 0.116 | 0.526 * | 0.219 | 0.402 * | −0.394 * | 0.334 | 1.000 |
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Zhang, S.; Chen, B.; Du, J.; Wang, T.; Shi, H.; Wang, F. Distribution, Assessment, and Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Qinjiang River, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159140
Zhang S, Chen B, Du J, Wang T, Shi H, Wang F. Distribution, Assessment, and Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Qinjiang River, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159140
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Shuncun, Bo Chen, Junru Du, Tao Wang, Haixin Shi, and Feng Wang. 2022. "Distribution, Assessment, and Source of Heavy Metals in Sediments of the Qinjiang River, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9140. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159140