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Article

Obesity and COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Reciprocal Detrimental Influence—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis

by
Giusy La Fauci
1,
Marco Montalti
1,
Zeno Di Valerio
1,
Davide Gori
1,*,
Maria Giulia Salomoni
1,
Aurelia Salussolia
1,
Giorgia Soldà
1 and
Federica Guaraldi
2
1
Unit of Hygiene, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Public Health and Medical Statistics, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
2
IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(13), 7603; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137603
Submission received: 11 May 2022 / Revised: 19 June 2022 / Accepted: 21 June 2022 / Published: 21 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 Pandemic and Children's Psychophysical Health: Issues and Challenges Ahead)
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Abstract

The dramatic lifestyle changes forced by COVID-19-related lockdown promoted weight gain, with a stronger impact on obese subjects, at higher risk of severe infection. The PubMed database was searched to identify original studies assessing: (1) the extent and risk factors of lockdown-induced weight increase; and (2) the impact of obesity on the risk of hospital admission in children and adolescents. A systematic literature review and meta-analyses were performed. Twenty out of 13,986 identified records were included. A significant weight increase was reported in the majority of subjects, with no apparent gender or age differences. It was induced by a higher consumption of hypercaloric/hyperglycemic/junk food and/or the reduction of physical activity, often associated with an altered sleep–wake cycle. On the other hand, obesity increased the risk of hospitalization (OR = 4.38; 95% C.I. 1.46–13.19; p = 0.009; I2 = 96%) as compared to the normal weight population. COVID-19 and obesity represent epidemic conditions with reciprocal detrimental impact. Urgent public health interventions, targeting the various age and social strata, and involving governmental authorities, health care personnel, teachers and families are warranted to increase awareness and actively promote healthy lifestyles to contrast pediatric obesity and its detrimental consequences at a global level.
Keywords: pediatric obesity; eating habits; physical activity; lockdown; COVID-19; disease severity; meta-analysis pediatric obesity; eating habits; physical activity; lockdown; COVID-19; disease severity; meta-analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

La Fauci, G.; Montalti, M.; Di Valerio, Z.; Gori, D.; Salomoni, M.G.; Salussolia, A.; Soldà, G.; Guaraldi, F. Obesity and COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Reciprocal Detrimental Influence—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 7603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137603

AMA Style

La Fauci G, Montalti M, Di Valerio Z, Gori D, Salomoni MG, Salussolia A, Soldà G, Guaraldi F. Obesity and COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Reciprocal Detrimental Influence—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(13):7603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137603

Chicago/Turabian Style

La Fauci, Giusy, Marco Montalti, Zeno Di Valerio, Davide Gori, Maria Giulia Salomoni, Aurelia Salussolia, Giorgia Soldà, and Federica Guaraldi. 2022. "Obesity and COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Reciprocal Detrimental Influence—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13: 7603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137603

APA Style

La Fauci, G., Montalti, M., Di Valerio, Z., Gori, D., Salomoni, M. G., Salussolia, A., Soldà, G., & Guaraldi, F. (2022). Obesity and COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents: Reciprocal Detrimental Influence—Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137603

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