Risk Factors Associated with Defaulted Follow-Up and Sharp Injury Management among Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Research Tool
2.3. Data Analyses
2.4. Ethical Issues Consideration
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mohd Fadhli, M.F.; Safian, N.; Adibah, N.; Hanizah, M.Y.; Robat, R.M. Needlestick Injury Cases and Adherence to the Fol-low-up Protocol among Healthcare Workers in Selangor. Malays. J. Public Health Med. 2018, 18, 55–63. [Google Scholar]
- Occupational Health Unit. Sharp Injury Surveillance Manual. Putrajaya. 2007. Available online: https://bit.ly/38RjeWe (accessed on 23 January 2021).
- Kaweti, G.; Abegaz, T. Prevalence of percutaneous injuries and associated factors among health care workers in Hawassa referral and adare District hospitals, Hawassa, Ethiopia, January 2014. BMC Public Health 2015, 16, 8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Panlilio, A.L.; Orelien, J.G.; Srivastava, P.U.; Jagger, J.; Cohn, R.D.; Cardo, D.M.; NaSH Surveillance Group. Panlilio Estimate Of The Annual Number Of Percutaneous Injuries Among Hospital-Based Healthcare Workers In The United States, 1997–1998. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2004, 25, 556–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gheshlagh, R.G.; Aslani, M.; Shabani, F.; Dalvand, S.; Parizad, N. Prevalence of needlestick and sharps injuries in the healthcare workers of Iranian hospitals: An updated meta-analysis. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2018, 23, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, L.K.; Hassim, I.N. Implication of the prevalence of needlestick injuries in a general hospital in Malaysia and its risk in clinical practice. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2005, 10, 33–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nagandla, K.; Kumar, K.; Bhardwaj, A.; Muthalagan, D.A.; Yhmin, C.; Lun, L.W.; Shi, W.W.; Razak, N.I.B.A. Prevalence of Needle Stick Injuries and Their Underreporting Among Healthcare Workers in The Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Int. Arch. Med. 2015, 8, 181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ishak, A.S.; Haque, M.S.; Sadhra, S.S. Needlestick injuries among Malaysian healthcare workers. Occup. Med. 2018, 69, 99–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Husin, S.A.B.L.; Abdullah, M.S.B.; Sulaiman, L.H.B.; Sinnadurai, J.T.S.; Murad, S.B.; Ismail, N.A.B.; Bahri, S.B.; Othman, N.B.D.M.; Yon, H.R.B.H. Ministry of Health Annual Report 2017; Ministry of Health Malaysia: Putrajaya, Malaysia, 2018; pp. 67–191. [Google Scholar]
- Slavin, S.D.; Khera, R.; Zafar, S.Y.; Nasir, K.; Warraich, H.J. Financial burden, distress, and toxicity in cardiovascular disease. Am. Heart J. 2021, 238, 75–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, G.L.; Lopez-Olivo, M.; Advani, P.G.; Ning, M.S.; Geng, Y.; Giordano, S.H.; Volk, R.J. Financial Burdens of Cancer Treatment: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors and Outcomes. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 2019, 17, 1184–1192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Escudero, D.V.S.; Furtado, G.H.C.; Medeiros, E.A. Healthcare Worker Adherence to Follow-up After Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids at a Teaching Hospital in Brazil. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 2015, 59, meu117–meu571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Win, K.N.; Omar, N.A.A.; Tuah, N.A.A.; Trivedi, A.A.; Lai, A.S.C. Incidence Of Occupational Sharps Injuries And Follow Up Pattern Among Healthcare Workers In Brunei Darussalam. Brunei Int. Med. J. 2020, 16, 42–48. [Google Scholar]
- Miceli, M.; Herrera, F.; Temporiti, E.; Li, D.; Vila, A.; Bonvehí, P. Adherence to an Occupational Blood Borne Pathogens Ex-posure Management Program among Healthcare Workers and Other Groups at Risk in Argentina. Braz. J. Infec-Tious Dis. 2005, 9, 454–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bolcato, M.; Fassina, G.; Rodriguez, D.; Russo, M.; Aprile, A. The contribution of legal medicine in clinical risk management. BMC Health Serv. Res. 2019, 19, 85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ri, P.; Lqmxulhv, V.; Dqg, G.; Ri, D.; Krxuv, F.H.; Lq, Y.; Vlwh, W.K.H.; Nhhslqj, R.I.; Uhfrugv, W.K.H.; Uhvsrqvleoh, S. As-sessment of the Management of Sharps Injuries in Government Hospitals: The Malaysian Situation. Bul. Penelit. Sist. Kesehat. 2012, 14, 103–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferrari, C.M.M.; de Sousa, R.M.C.; Castro, L.H.M. Factors Associated with Treatment Non-Adherence in Patients with Epilepsy in Brazil. Seizure 2013, 22, 384–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shargie, E.B.; Lindtjorn, B. Determinants of Treatment Adherence Among Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Southern Ethiopia. PLoS Med. 2007, 4, e37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lukovic, J.A.; Miletic, V.; Pekmezovic, T.; Trajkovic, G.; Ratkovic, N.; Aleksic, D.; Grgurevic, A. Self-Medication Practices and Risk Factors for Self-Medication among Medical Students in Belgrade, Serbia. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e114644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Afolabi, A. Factors influencing the pattern of self-medication in an adult Nigerian population. Ann. Afr. Med. 2008, 7, 120–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Selvaraj, K.; Ramalingam, A.; Kumar, S.G. Prevalence of self-medication practices and its associated factors in Urban Puducherry, India. Perspect. Clin. Res. 2014, 5, 32–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karimy, M.; Rezaee-Momtaz, M.; Tavousi, M.; Montazeri, A.; Araban, M. Risk factors associated with self-medication among women in Iran. BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krall, E.J. Doctors Who Doctor Self, Family, and Colleagues. Wis. Med. J. 2008, 107, 279–284. [Google Scholar]
- Davidson, S.K.; Schattner, P.L. Doctors’ health-seeking behaviour: A questionnaire survey. Med. J. Aust. 2003, 179, 302–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mast, S.T.; Woolwine, J.D.; Gerberding, J.L. Efficacy of Gloves in Reducing Blood Volumes Transferred during Simulated Needlestick Injury. J. Infect. Dis. 1993, 168, 1589–1592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Makama, J.G.; Okeme, I.M.; Makama, E.J.; Ameh, E.A. Glove Perforation Rate in Surgery: A Randomized, Controlled Study To Evaluate the Efficacy of Double Gloving. Surg. Infect. 2016, 17, 436–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babaji, P. Occupational Hazards among Dentists: A Review of Literature. Int J Dent. Med. Res. 2011, 4, 87–93. [Google Scholar]
- Cleveland, J.L.; Gooch, B.F.; Lockwood, S.A. Occupational Blood Exposures in Dentistry: A Decade in Review. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 1997, 18, 717–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variables | n (%) | Defaulted (n = 147) | Completed (n = 139) |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age (years) | |||
<25 | 23 (8.1) | 8 (5.4) | 15 (10.8) |
25–29 | 152 (53.1) | 82 (55.8) | 70 (50.4) |
30–34 | 68 (23.8) | 39 (26.5) | 29 (20.8) |
≥35 | 43 (15.0) | 18 (12.3) | 25 (18.0) |
Gender | |||
Female | 186 (65.0) | 94 (63.9) | 92 (66.2) |
Male | 100 (35.0) | 53 (36.1) | 47 (33.8) |
Ethnicity | |||
Malay | 245 (85.6) | 125 (85.0) | 120 (86.3) |
Chinese | 30 (10.5) | 15 (10.2) | 15 (10.8) |
Indian | 11 (3.9) | 7 (4.8) | 4 (2.9) |
Job Category | |||
House officer | 111 (38.8) | 67 (45.6) | 44 (31.7) |
Medical officer | 62 (21.7) | 37 (25.2) | 25 (18.0) |
Specialist | 11 (3.8) | 6 (4.0) | 5 (3.6) |
Nurse | 66 (23.2) | 26 (17.7) | 40 (28.8) |
Dentist | 17 (5.9) | 5 (3.4) | 12 (8.6) |
Others | 19 (6.6) | 6 (3.1) | 13 (9.3) |
Location of Event | |||
Outpatient clinic | 25 (8.7) | 12 (8.2) | 13 (9.4) |
Ward/inpatient | 160 (55.9) | 80 (54.4) | 80 (57.6) |
A&E | 29 (10.2) | 17 (11.6) | 12 (8.6) |
OT | 56 (19.6) | 32 (21.8) | 24 (17.2) |
Others | 16 (5.6) | 6 (4.0) | 10 (7.2) |
Department | |||
Multidisciplinary | 64 (22.4) | 35 (23.8) | 29 (20.9) |
Medical based | 104 (36.4) | 53 (36.1) | 51 (36.7) |
Surgical Based | 118 (41.2) | 59 (40.1) | 59 (42.4) |
Type of Device | |||
Branula & needle | 207 (72.4) | 106 (72.1) | 101 (72.7) |
Surgical Instrument | 55 (19.2) | 34 (23.1) | 21 (15.1) |
Others | 24 (8.4) | 7 (4.8) | 17 (12.2) |
Device Contamination | |||
Yes | 282 (98.6) | 147 (100.0) | 135 (97.1) |
No | 4 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (2.9) |
Procedure Conducted | |||
Handling patient | 116 (40.6) | 57 (38.8) | 59 (42.4) |
Handling equipment | 64 (22.4) | 30 (20.4) | 34 (24.5) |
Disposal related | 46 (16.1) | 22 (15.0) | 24 (17.3) |
Inoperative field | 43 (15.0) | 28 (19.0) | 15 (10.8) |
Others | 17 (5.9) | 10 (6.8) | 7 (5.0) |
Contamination Source | |||
Known | 272 (95.1) | 141 (95.9) | 131 (94.2) |
Unknown | 14 (4.9) | 6 (4.1) | 8 (5.8) |
Variables | Defaulted (n = 147) | Crude OR a (95% CI) | Adjusted OR b (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||||
≥40 | 5/12 | 1 | ||
<40 | 142/274 | 1.06 (0.39, 2.91) | ||
Gender | ||||
Female | 94/186 | 1 | ||
Male | 53/100 | 1.10 (0.68, 1.80) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||
Non-Malay | 22/41 | 1 | ||
Malay | 125/245 | 0.90 (0.46, 1.75) | ||
Job Category | ||||
Non-medical doctor | 37/102 | 1 | 1 | |
Medical Doctor | 110/184 | 2.22 (1.32, 3.73) | 2.38 (1.40, 4.03) | 0.001 |
Location of Event | ||||
Outpatient | 12/25 | 1 | ||
Ward/inpatient | 129/245 | 1.93 (0.62, 6.07) | ||
Others | 6/16 | 1.80 (0.63, 5.11) | ||
Department | ||||
Multidisciplinary | 35/64 | 1 | ||
Medical based | 53/104 | 0.86 (0.46, 1.61) | ||
Surgical based | 59/118 | 0.83 (0.45, 1.53) | ||
Type of Device | ||||
Branula & needle | 106/207 | 1 | 1 | |
Surgical Instrument | 34/55 | 2.55 (1.01, 6.41) | 2.96 (1.16, 7.53) | 0.023 |
Others | 7/24 | 3.93 (1.40, 11.07) | 4.55(1.59, 13.02) | 0.005 |
Procedure Conducted | ||||
Disposal related | 32/63 | 1 | ||
Handling patient | 57/116 | 1.04 (0.50, 2.14) | ||
Handling equipment | 58/107 | 1.27 (0.66, 2.45) | ||
Contamination Source | ||||
Unknown | 6/14 | 1 | ||
Known | 141/272 | 1.44 (0.49, 4.25) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kutubudin, A.F.M.; Wan Mohammad, W.M.Z.; Md Noor, S.S.; Shafei, M.N. Risk Factors Associated with Defaulted Follow-Up and Sharp Injury Management among Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116641
Kutubudin AFM, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Md Noor SS, Shafei MN. Risk Factors Associated with Defaulted Follow-Up and Sharp Injury Management among Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11):6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116641
Chicago/Turabian StyleKutubudin, Ahmed Farrasyah Mohd, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad, Siti Suraiya Md Noor, and Mohd Nazri Shafei. 2022. "Risk Factors Associated with Defaulted Follow-Up and Sharp Injury Management among Health Care Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11: 6641. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116641