The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Characteristics of the Studied Group at Three Analyzed Stages
2.2. Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Questionnaire
2.3. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test
2.4. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence
2.5. International Physical Activity Questionnaire
2.6. Procedures
2.7. Statistical Analyses of Data
3. Results
3.1. The Stress-Coping Methods Used during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.2. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test during the Pandemic
3.3. The Intensity of Smoking during the COVID-19 Pandemic
3.4. Physical Activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic
4. Discussion
4.1. Coping with Stress during the Pandemic
4.2. Alcohol Consumption and Cigarette Smoking during the Epidemic
4.3. Physical Activity during the Pandemic
5. Limitations of the Study
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stage Parameter | Stage I | Stage II | Stage III |
---|---|---|---|
Sex Women/Men %women/%men | 1007/313 76.29%/23.71% | 632/213 74.79 %/25.21% | 599/156 79.34%/20.66% |
Age [years] X ± SD | 20.97 ± 2.15 | 20.13 ± 1.55 | 20.45 ± 1.87 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 21.95 ± 4.76 | 21.43 ± 2.92 | 21.89 ± 3.34 |
Stage Strategy | Stage I * | Stage II | Stage III | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | X ± SD | Median | X ± SD | p1 | p2 | Median | X ± SD | p2 | |
Active stress-coping methods | 2.00 | 1.75 ± 0.73 | 2.00 | 2.15 ± 0.76 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 2.08 ± 0.81 | <0.0001 |
Planning | 2.00 | 1.82 ± 0.73 | 2.00 | 2.04 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 2.01 ± 0.83 | <0.0001 |
Positive re-evaluation | 2.00 | 1.61 ± 0.78 | 1.50 | 1.43 ± 0.86 | 0.0000 | <0.0001 | 1.50 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | 0.0010 |
Acceptance | 2.00 | 2.01 ± 0.68 | 2.00 | 1.72 ± 0.80 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 1.67 ± 0.82 | <0.0001 |
Sense of humor | 1.00 | 1.02 ± 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.95 ± 0.71 | 0.0030 | 0.0020 | 1.00 | 0.92 ± 0.73 | 0.0000 |
Turning to religion | 0.50 | 0.86 ± 0.96 | 0.50 | 0.92 ± 1.00 | 0.1720 | - | 0.50 | 0.95 ± 1.02 | - |
Seeking emotional support | 2.00 | 1.82 ± 0.82 | 2.00 | 1.99 ± 0.90 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 1.93 ± 0.93 | <0.0001 |
Seeking instrumental support | 2.00 | 1.63 ± 0.82 | 2.00 | 1.88 ± 0.93 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 1.87 ± 0.90 | <0.0001 |
Dealing with other things | 2.00 | 1.71 ± 0.71 | 1.50 | 1.56 ± 0.76 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.50 | 1.55 ± 0.78 | <0.0001 |
Denial | 2.00 | 1.75 ± 0.73 | 2.00 | 2.15 ± 0.76 | 0.0370 | <0.0001 | 2.00 | 2.08 ± 0.81 | <0.0001 |
Giving vent to one’s feelings | 2.00 | 1.82 ± 0.73 | 2.00 | 2.04 ± 0.80 | 0.0800 | - | 2.00 | 2.01 ± 0.83 | - |
Taking in psychopharmaceuticals | 2.00 | 1.61 ± 0.78 | 1.50 | 1.43 ± 0.86 | 0.0140 | 0.0010 | 1.50 | 1.47 ± 0.91 | <0.0001 |
Doing nothing | 2.00 | 2.01 ± 0.68 | 2.00 | 1.72 ± 0.80 | 0.2490 | - | 2.00 | 1.67 ± 0.82 | - |
Self-blaming | 1.00 | 1.02 ± 0.67 | 1.00 | 0.95 ± 0.71 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 1.00 | 0.92 ± 0.73 | <0.0001 |
Stage Number of Points | Stage I * | Stage II | Stage III | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | |
<8 points | 772 | 91.36% | 554 | 78.58% | 66.14 | 2.43 | 1.96–3.03 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | 470 | 68.71% | 110.88 | 0.25 | 0.19–0.32 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 |
8–15 points | 66 | 7.81% | 133 | 18.87% | 131.00 | 6.84 | 4.82–9.70 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | 189 | 27.63% | 296.13 | 0.05 | 0.04–0.08 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 |
16–19 points | 4 | 0.47% | 8 | 1.13% | 10.26 | 6.79 | 2.01–22.87 | 0.0014 | 0.0042 | 11 | 1.61% | 37.88 | 0.05 | 0.02–0.18 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 |
>20 points | 3 | 0.36% | 10 | 1.42% | 17.67 | 11.31 | 3.07–41.66 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 | 14 | 2.05% | 56.56 | 0.03 | 0.01–0.11 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 |
Stage Number of Points | Stage I * | Stage II | Stage III | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | |
Non-smoker | 1238 | 93.79% | 774 | 92.69% | 1.60 | 1.22 | 0.90–1.67 | 0.2066 | 0.0042 | 657 | 87.02% | 16.75 | 1.86 | 1.38–2.50 | <0.0000 | 0.0042 |
0–4 points | 82 | 6.21% | 54 | 6.47% | 0.45 | 0.89 | 0.62–1.26 | 0.5024 | 0.0042 | 93 | 12.32% | 28.98 | 2.32 | 1.69–3.16 | <0.0001 | 0.0042 |
5–8 points | 0 | 0% | 6 | 0.72% | 7.71 | – | – | 0.0055 | 0.0042 | 4 | 0.53% | 5.38 | – | – | 0.0204 | 0.0042 |
9–11 points | 0 | 0% | 1 | 0.12% | 0.07 | – | – | 0.7854 | 0.0042 | 1 | 0.13% | 0.13 | – | – | 0.7161 | 0.0042 |
Stage The Intensityof Effort | Stage I * | Stage II | Stage III | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | N | % | χ2 | OR | 95% CI | p | Bonferroni Correction | |
Low | 786 | 59.59 | 631 | 74.68 | 54.56 | 0.49 | 0.40–0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.0056 | 580 | 76.82 | 63.73 | 0.44 | 0.36–0.54 | <0.0001 | 0.0056 |
Medium | 305 | 23.12 | 108 | 12.78 | 36.04 | 0.49 | 0.38–0.62 | <0.0001 | 0.0056 | 90 | 11.92 | 44.65 | 0.42 | 0.32–0.54 | <0.0001 | 0.0056 |
High | 228 | 17.29 | 106 | 12.54 | 8.83 | 0.69 | 0.54–0.88 | 0.0030 | 0.0056 | 85 | 11.26 | 10.60 | 0.65 | 0.50–0.84 | 0.0011 | 0.0056 |
Part A | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of Physical Activity | Vigorous Physical Activity | Moderate Physical Activity | Walking | Sedentary Time | ||||
Together | Q = 114.77, p < 0.0001 | Q = 44.19, p < 0.0001 | Q = 28.49, p < 0.0001 | Q = 61.01, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Low | Q = 7.17, p = 0.028 | Q = 4.52, p = 0.104 | Q = 30.91, p < 0.0001 | Q = 39.38, p < 0.0001 | ||||
Medium | Q = 2.04, p = 0.360 | Q = 7.05, p = 0.030 | Q = 17.70, p = 0.000 | Q = 17.66, p = 0.000 | ||||
High | Q = 0.77, p = 0.681 | Q = 0.22, p = 0.896 | Q = 5.47, p = 0.065 | Q = 11.91, p = 0.003 | ||||
“Low”, “Medium” and “High” together | ||||||||
Vigorous Physical Activity [MET]—Median | Moderate Physical Activity [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | Sedentary Time [MET]—Median | |||||
Stage I—480, Stage II—320 p = 0.001 | Stage I—360, Stage II—240 p = 0.001 | Stage I—462, Stage II—693 p < 0.0001 | Stage I—360, Stage II—300 p < 0.0001 | |||||
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | |||
450 | 420 | 0.375 | 720 | 960 | - | 2160 | 2160 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Moderate physical activity [MET]—Median | Moderate physical activity [MET]—Median | Moderate physical activity [MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | |||
160 | 160 | - | 490 | 280 | 0.004 | 480 | 480 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Walking [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | |||
396 | 676.5 | <0.0001 | 462 | 693 | 0.012 | 693 | 924 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Sedentary time [min]—Median | Sedentary time [min]—Median | Sedentary time [min]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | Stage I | Stage II | |||
360 | 300 | <0.0001 | 360 | 240 | <0.0001 | 360 | 300 | 0.002 |
Part C | ||||||||
“Low”, “Medium” and “High” together | ||||||||
Vigorous Physical Activity [MET]—Median | Moderate Physical Activity [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | Sedentary Time [MET]—Median | |||||
Stage I—480, Stage III—160 p < 0.0001 | Stage I—360, Stage III—160 p < 0.0001 | Stage I—462, Stage III—792 p < 0.0001 | Stage I—360, Stage III—240 p = 0.000 | |||||
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | Vigorous physical activity [MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | |||
450 | 480 | 0.518 | 720 | 720 | - | 2160 | 1920 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Moderate physical activity [MET]—Median | Moderate physical activity [MET]—Median | Moderate physical activity[MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | |||
160 | 90 | - | 490 | 240 | 0.001 | 480 | 680 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Walking [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | Walking [MET]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | |||
396 | 693 | <0.0001 | 462 | 792 | <0.0001 | 693 | 1386 | - |
Low | p | Medium | p | High | p | |||
Sedentary time [min]—Median | Sedentary time [min]—Median | Sedentary time [min]—Median | ||||||
Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | Stage I | Stage III | |||
360 | 240 | 0.001 | 360 | 300 | 0.239 | 360 | 300 | 0.240 |
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Kosendiak, A.; Król, M.; Ściskalska, M.; Kepinska, M. The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010302
Kosendiak A, Król M, Ściskalska M, Kepinska M. The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010302
Chicago/Turabian StyleKosendiak, Aureliusz, Magdalena Król, Milena Ściskalska, and Marta Kepinska. 2022. "The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010302
APA StyleKosendiak, A., Król, M., Ściskalska, M., & Kepinska, M. (2022). The Changes in Stress Coping, Alcohol Use, Cigarette Smoking and Physical Activity during COVID-19 Related Lockdown in Medical Students in Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010302