Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth

Rumrich, Isabell Katharina; Hänninen, Otto; Viluksela, Matti; Vähäkangas, Kirsi

doi:10.3390/ijerph18094985

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth

¹

Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland

²

School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 4985; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094985

Submission received: 12 March 2021 / Revised: 4 May 2021 / Accepted: 5 May 2021 / Published: 7 May 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Prenatal Smoking/Nicotine Exposure on Child Health)

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Abstract

Many long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy are known. Increasingly, adverse effects in the grandchild after grandmaternal smoking during pregnancy are reported. We explored this in a birth cohort of 24,000 grandmother–mother–child triads identified from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1991–2016. Multiple logistic regression was used to analyze the association between any smoking during pregnancy by both grandmother and mother, or only grandmother or mother on adverse birth outcomes. No smoking by neither grandmother nor mother was used as the reference. As endpoints, preterm birth, low birth weight, small for gestational age (birth weight, birth length, head circumference), and body proportionality (low ponderal index, high brain-to-body ratio, high head-to-length ratio) were included. Smoking by both grandmother and mother was consistently associated with higher risks than smoking only by the mother. Birth length and weight were especially sensitive to (grand)maternal smoking. In conclusion, the combined effect of grandmaternal and maternal smoking is associated with higher risks than only maternal smoking.

Keywords: pregnancy; tobacco; smoking; maternal; grandmaternal; birth outcome; birth weight; register research; intergenerational

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rumrich, I.K.; Hänninen, O.; Viluksela, M.; Vähäkangas, K. Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094985

AMA Style

Rumrich IK, Hänninen O, Viluksela M, Vähäkangas K. Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094985

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rumrich, Isabell Katharina, Otto Hänninen, Matti Viluksela, and Kirsi Vähäkangas. 2021. "Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094985

APA Style

Rumrich, I. K., Hänninen, O., Viluksela, M., & Vähäkangas, K. (2021). Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4985. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094985

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

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Effect of Grandmaternal Smoking on Body Size and Proportions at Birth

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