Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Is Associated with Epistaxis in Children and Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Enrolled Subjects
3.2. Monthly Distribution of Meteorological Factors and PM10 Concentration
3.3. Factors Associated with the Incidence of Epistaxis Presentation in Hospital per Day among Children and Adults
3.4. Factors Associated with the Number of Epistaxis Presentations in Hospital per Day among Children and Adults
3.5. Additive Effect of PM10 Concentration on Epistaxis Presentation in Hospital
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | |
---|---|
No. of days | 1704 |
No. of epistaxis cases | 1557 |
Age (years) | |
Total | |
Mean (SD) | 44.94 (25.34) |
Range | 1–94 |
Children to adults | 323:1234 |
Children | |
Mean (SD) | 7.59 (4.41) |
Range | 1–17 |
Adults | |
Mean (SD) | 60.00 (18.85) |
Range | 18–94 |
Parameter | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Children | ||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 1.107 (1.005–1.030) | <0.001 | 1.025 (1.010–1.041) | <0.001 |
Minimum temperature (°C) | 1.013 (1.001–1.026) | <0.001 | ||
Maximum temperature (°C) | 1.020 (1.007–1.032) | <0.001 | ||
Mean air pressure (hPa) | 0.979 (0.963–0.995) | 0.013 | ||
Maximum wind speed (m/s) | 1.062 (0.991–1.137) | <0.001 | ||
Mean wind speed (m/s) | 1.364 (1.160–1.601) | <0.001 | 1.385 (1.143–1.674) | <0.001 |
Minimum relative humidity (%) | 0.991 (0.982–1.000) | <0.001 | ||
Mean relative humidity (%) | 0.991 (0.982–1.000) | <0.001 | ||
Sunshine duration (h) | 1.083 (1.045–1.123) | <0.001 | 1.064 (1.022–1.108) | 0.003 |
Solar radiation amount (MJ/m2) | 1.045 (1.025–1.066) | <0.001 | ||
Number of clouds (1/10) | 0.943 (0.902–0.985) | <0.001 | ||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 1.004 (1.000–1.008) | <0.001 | 1.006 (1.001–1.011) | 0.040 |
Adults | ||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 0.967 (0.958–0.976) | <0.001 | ||
Minimum temperature (°C) | 0.965 (0.956–0.974) | <0.001 | 0.970 (0.959–0.982) | <0.001 |
Maximum temperature (°C) | 0.969 (0.960–0.978) | <0.001 | ||
Mean air pressure (hPa) | 1.043 (1.030–1.057) | <0.001 | ||
Maximum wind speed (m/s) | 0.989 (0.937–1.044) | 0.684 | ||
Mean wind speed (m/s) | 1.076 (0.945–1.225) | 0.271 | ||
Minimum relative humidity (%) | 0.987 (0.980–0.993) | <0.001 | ||
Mean relative humidity (%) | 0.986 (0.979–0.993) | <0.001 | 0.987 (0.977–0.997) | 0.013 |
Sunshine duration (h) | 0.987 | 0.329 | ||
Solar radiation amount (MJ/m2) | 0.978 | 0.003 | ||
Number of clouds (1/10) | 0.990 (0.958–1.023) | 0.554 | 1.085 (1.035–1.139) | <0.001 |
PM10 (μg/m3) | 1.013 (1.008–1.018) | <0.001 | 1.008 (1.003–1.014) | 0.003 |
Parameter | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Children | ||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 1.018 (1.005–1.030) | 0.005 | 1.005 (1.010–1.041) | <0.001 |
Minimum temperature (°C) | 1.014 (1.002–1.026) | 0.025 | ||
Maximum temperature (°C) | 1.020 (1.008–1.033) | 0.001 | ||
Mean air pressure (hPa) | 0.978 (0.978–0.978) | <0.001 | ||
Maximum wind speed (m/s) | 1.061 (0.990–1.135) | 0.088 | ||
Mean wind speed (m/s) | 1.357 (1.155–1.591) | <0.001 | 1.385 (1.143–1.672) | <0.001 |
Minimum relative humidity (%) | 0.991 (0.982–1.000) | 0.058 | ||
Mean relative humidity (%) | 0.991 (0.982–1.000) | 0.061 | ||
Sunshine duration (h) | 1.081 (1.044–1.122) | <0.001 | 1.063 (1.022–1.107) | 0.003 |
Solar radiation amount (MJ/m2) | 1.044 (1.025–1.066) | <0.001 | ||
Number of clouds (1/10) | 0.944 (0.904–0.986) | <0.001 | ||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 1.004 (1.000–1.008) | 0.058 | 1.005 (1.001–1.010) | 0.019 |
Adults | ||||
Mean temperature (°C) | 0.965 (0.956–0.973) | <0.001 | ||
Minimum temperature (°C) | 0.963 (0.955–0.971) | <0.001 | ||
Maximum temperature (°C) | 0.967 (0.959–0.976) | <0.001 | 0.970(0.960–0.980) | <0.001 |
Mean air pressure (hPa) | 1.045 (1.0453–1.0455) | <0.001 | ||
Maximum wind speed (m/s) | 0.973 (0.925–1.023) | 0.289 | 0.915(0.862–0.971) | 0.003 |
Mean wind speed (m/s) | 1.068 (0.955–1.207) | 0.295 | ||
Minimum relative humidity (%) | 0.985 (0.978–0.991) | <0.001 | ||
Mean relative humidity (%) | 0.984 (0.977–0.990) | <0.001 | 0.991(0.984–0.999) | 0.031 |
Sunshine duration (h) | 0.993 (0.970–1.017) | 0.563 | ||
Solar radiation amount (MJ/m2) | 0.977 (0.963–0.991) | 0.001 | ||
Number of clouds (1/10) | 0.981 (0.951–1.012) | 0.222 | ||
PM10 (μg/m3) | 1.010 (1.007–1.014) | <0.001 | 1.008(1.004–1.013) | <0.001 |
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Kim, K.; Kwak, I.-Y.; Min, H. Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Is Associated with Epistaxis in Children and Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4809. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094809
Kim K, Kwak I-Y, Min H. Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Is Associated with Epistaxis in Children and Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(9):4809. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094809
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Kyungsoo, Il-Youp Kwak, and Hyunjin Min. 2021. "Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Is Associated with Epistaxis in Children and Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9: 4809. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094809