Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials & Methods
2.1. Study Setting
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Depression
2.3.2. Self-Esteem
2.3.3. Social Withdrawal
2.3.4. Attitudes toward Bicultural Adjustment
2.3.5. Mother’s Acculturation Stress
2.3.6. Parenting Style
Monitoring
Neglect
2.3.7. Family Support
2.3.8. Friendships
2.3.9. Satisfaction with School Life
2.3.10. Health Condition
2.3.11. Others—Demographic Characteristics
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Gender Differences in Demographics of Multicultural Adolescents and Their Parents
3.2. Gender Differences in Depression according to Multicultural Adolescents’ Health Condition and Satisfaction with School Life
3.3. The Relationship among Research Variables by Gender of Multicultural Adolescents
3.4. Factors Influencing Multicultural Adolescents’ Depression by Gender
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Total (n = 1160) | Male (n = 564, 48.6%) | Female (n = 596, 51.4%) | x2 or t | p | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n or Mean | n (%) or Mean (SD) | n (%) or Mean (SD) | |||||
Size of the residential area | Large cities | 283 | 147 (26.1) | 136 (22.8) | 2.35 | 0.309 | |
Small and medium cities | 513 | 250 (44.3) | 263 (44.1) | ||||
Rural areas | 364 | 167 (29.6) | 197 (33.1) | ||||
Economic status | Poor | 596 | 275 (49.6) | 321 (55.0) | 3.36 | 0.186 | |
Average | 515 | 266 (48.0) | 249 (42.6) | ||||
Rich | 27 | 13 (2.4) | 14 (2.4) | ||||
Parents’ marital status | Married/Cohabiting | 1082 | 530 (95.7) | 552 (94.5) | 0.80 | 0.371 | 0.052 |
Divorced/Estranged/widowed | 56 | 24 (4.3) | 32 (5.5) | ||||
Age of father | 52.31 (4.32) | 52.26 (4.62) | 0.20 | 0.845 | |||
Age of mother | 46.72 (4.95) | 46.54 (5.23) | 0.57 | 0.569 | |||
Father’s nationality | South Korea | 1138 | 554 (48.7) | 584 (31.3) | - | - | |
Mother’s nationality | Chinese | 81 | 38 (46.9) | 43 (53.1) | 3.42 | 0.754 | |
Korean–Chinese | 207 | 100 (48.3) | 107 (51.7) | ||||
Vietnam | 28 | 15 (53.6) | 13 (46.4) | ||||
Philippines | 296 | 151 (51.0) | 145 (49.0) | ||||
Japan | 424 | 202 (47.6) | 222 (52.4) | ||||
Thailand | 46 | 18 (39.1) | 28 (60.9) | ||||
ETC | 56 | 30 (53.6) | 26 (46.4) | ||||
Depression | 17.33 | 16.38 (5.22) | 18.35 (5.61) | 6.42 | <0.001 | 0.363 | |
Self-esteem | 34.33 | 34.93 (5.66) | 33.77 (5.77) | 3.45 | 0.001 | 0.203 | |
Social withdrawal | 11.94 | 11.64 (3.62) | 12.22 (3.60) | 2.74 | 0.006 | 0.161 | |
Attitudes toward bicultural adjustment | 29.08 | 28.67 (3.79) | 29.46 (4.08) | 3.57 | <0.001 | 0.200 | |
Mother’s acculturation stress | 19.22 | 19.21 (5.67) | 19.22 (5.61) | 0.05 | 0.960 | 0.002 | |
Parenting style—monitoring | 9.56 | 9.45 (1.77) | 9.67 (1.76) | 2.18 | 0.030 | 0.125 | |
Parenting style—neglect | 12.13 | 12.14 (3.60) | 12.13 (3.49) | 0.03 | 0.978 | 0.003 | |
Family support | 22.15 | 22.42 (3.75) | 21.90 (3.85) | 2.36 | 0.018 | 0.137 | |
Friendships | 16.05 | 15.89 (2.83) | 16.12 (2.91) | 1.41 | 0.158 | 0.080 |
Variables | Male (n = 564) | Female (n = 596) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | Mean | ± | SD | t or F | p (Scheffé) | N | % | Mean | ± | SD | t or F | p (Scheffé) | ||
Health condition | Total | 554 | 100.0 | 16.32 | ± | 5.22 | 0.34 | 0.713 | 584 | 100.0 | 18.26 | ± | 5.64 | 9.74 | <0.001 |
Bad a | 54 | 9.7 | 16.72 | ± | 5.25 | 67 | 11.5 | 19.42 | ± | 5.93 | a,b > c | ||||
Moderate b | 253 | 45.7 | 16.14 | ± | 5.26 | 269 | 46.1 | 19.05 | ± | 5.83 | |||||
Good c | 247 | 44.6 | 16.40 | ± | 5.17 | 248 | 42.4 | 17.08 | ± | 5.14 | |||||
Satisfaction with school life | Total | 564 | 100.0 | 16.31 | ± | 5.20 | 23.71 | <0.001 | 596 | 100.0 | 18.30 | ± | 5.66 | 46.01 | <0.001 |
Unsatisfied a | 32 | 5.7 | 20.44 | ± | 5.78 | a > b > c | 47 | 7.9 | 23.83 | ± | 5.89 | a > b > c | |||
Moderate b | 149 | 26.4 | 17.77 | ± | 5.66 | 190 | 31.9 | 19.68 | ± | 5.32 | |||||
Satisfied c | 383 | 67.9 | 15.39 | ± | 4.65 | 359 | 60.2 | 16.84 | ± | 5.17 |
Variables | (1) Depression | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | ||||||||||||||||
(2) Attitudes toward bicultural adjustment | −0.245 | ** | ||||||||||||||
(3) Self-esteem | −0.587 | ** | 0.375 | ** | ||||||||||||
(4) Social withdrawal | 0.474 | ** | −0.065 | −0.346 | ** | |||||||||||
(5) Mother’s acculturation stress | 0.212 | ** | −0.040 | −0.180 | ** | 0.077 | ||||||||||
(6) Parenting style—monitoring | −0.341 | ** | 0.273 | ** | 0.398 | ** | −0.182 | ** | −0.086 | * | ||||||
(7) Parenting style—neglect | 0.390 | ** | −0.324 | ** | −0.510 | ** | 0.172 | ** | 0.078 | −0.384 | ** | |||||
(8) Family support | −0.506 | ** | 0.410 | ** | 0.531 | ** | −0.251 | ** | −0.108 | * | 0.494 | ** | −0.540 | ** | ||
(9) Friendships | −0.472 | ** | 0.322 | ** | 0.504 | ** | −0.279 | ** | −0.174 | ** | 0.285 | ** | −0.337 | ** | 0.430 | ** |
Female | ||||||||||||||||
(2) Attitudes toward bicultural adjustment | −0.264 | ** | ||||||||||||||
(3) Self-esteem | −0.632 | ** | 0.344 | ** | ||||||||||||
(4) Social withdrawal | 0.459 | ** | −0.048 | −0.352 | ** | |||||||||||
(5) Mother’s acculturation stress | 0.135 | ** | −0.057 | −0.152 | ** | 0.118 | ** | |||||||||
(6) Parenting style—monitoring | −0.312 | ** | 0.385 | ** | 0.332 | ** | −0.103 | * | −0.032 | |||||||
(7) Parenting style—neglect | 0.380 | ** | −0.333 | ** | −0.427 | ** | 0.107 | ** | 0.030 | −0.455 | ** | |||||
(8) Family support | −0.365 | ** | 0.481 | ** | 0.439 | ** | −0.137 | ** | −0.081 | 0.475 | ** | −0.528 | ** | |||
(9) Friendships | −0.373 | ** | 0.312 | ** | 0.439 | ** | −0.228 | ** | −0.149 | ** | 0.233 | ** | −0.306 | ** | 0.363 | ** |
Gender | Variables | Adjusted R2 | B | β | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All participants (n = 1160) Enter method | (Constants) | 26.02 | 13.91 | <0.001 | ||
Gender: female vs. male (R) | 1.23 | 0.11 | 5.14 | <0.001 Cohen’s d = 0.302 | ||
Health condition: bad vs. good (R) | 0.11 | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.784 | ||
Health condition: moderate vs. good (R) | −0.15 | −0.01 | −0.58 | 0.562 | ||
School life: unsatisfied vs. satisfied (R) | 2.67 | 0.12 | 5.40 | <0.001 | ||
School life: moderate vs. satisfied (R) | 0.62 | 0.05 | 2.19 | 0.029 | ||
Self-esteem | −0.32 | −0.33 | −11.80 | <0.001 | ||
Social withdrawal | 0.43 | 0.28 | 12.36 | <0.001 | ||
Attitude toward bicultural adjustment | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.46 | 0.648 | ||
Mother’s acculturation stress | 0.05 | 0.05 | 2.25 | 0.025 | ||
Parenting style (monitoring) | −0.17 | −0.05 | −2.17 | 0.030 | ||
Parenting style (neglect) | 0.11 | 0.07 | 2.74 | 0.006 | ||
Family support | −0.12 | −0.09 | −2.97 | 0.003 | ||
Friendship | −0.14 | −0.07 | −2.82 | 0.005 | ||
Adjusted R2 = 0.511, F = 90.70, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Male (n = 564) Stepwise method | (Constants) | 29.37 | 16.70 | <0.001 | ||
Self-esteem | 0.341 | −0.25 | −0.27 | −6.86 | <0.001 | |
Social withdrawal | 0.426 | 0.41 | 0.28 | 8.51 | <0.001 | |
Family support | 0.467 | −0.28 | −0.20 | −5.36 | <0.001 | |
Friendships | 0.484 | −0.27 | −0.15 | −3.92 | <0.001 | |
Mothers’ acculturation stress | 0.491 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 3.06 | 0.002 | |
School life: unsatisfied vs. satisfied (R) | 0.495 | 1.46 | 0.07 | 2.11 | 0.035 | |
Health condition: moderate vs. good (R) | 0.498 | −0.68 | −0.07 | −2.11 | 0.036 | |
Adjusted R2 = 0.498, F = 77.99, p < 0.001 | ||||||
Female (n = 596) Stepwise method | (Constants) | 25.43 | 11.89 | <0.001 | ||
Self-esteem | 0.396 | −0.39 | −0.41 | −11.19 | <0.001 | |
Social withdrawal | 0.468 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 9.44 | <0.001 | |
School life: unsatisfied vs. satisfied (R) | 0.486 | 3.39 | 0.16 | 5.13 | <0.001 | |
Parenting style (neglect) | 0.502 | 0.18 | 0.11 | 3.20 | 0.001 | |
School life: unsatisfied vs. satisfied (R) | 0.505 | 0.81 | 0.07 | 2.16 | 0.031 | |
Parenting style (monitoring) | 0.509 | −0.23 | −0.07 | −2.15 | 0.032 | |
Adjusted R2 = 0.509, F = 100.02, p < 0.001 |
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Lee, E.J.; Jeong, S. Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073683
Lee EJ, Jeong S. Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073683
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Eun Jee, and Sookyung Jeong. 2021. "Analyzing Gender Differences in Factors Affecting Depression among Multicultural Adolescents in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3683. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073683