Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Anthropometric Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Positional Differences
2.5. Normative Classification
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Strengths
4.3. Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total (n = 101) | FW (n = 25) | MF (n = 33) | DF (n = 34) | GK (n = 9) | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body stature (cm) | 160.0 ± 6.8 | 160.9 ± 5.7 | 158.7 ± 6.1 * | 159.1 ± 6.9 * | 166.2 ± 8.4 | 3.5 | 0.018 |
Body mass (kg) | 57.1 ± 9.1 | 56.3 ± 8.4 * | 55.0 ± 8.4 * | 57.4 ± 9.9 * | 66.5 ± 5.1 | 4.2 | 0.008 |
Skinfolds (mm) | |||||||
Tricep | 16.0 ± 5.3 | 15.1 ± 4.7 * | 15.5 ± 4.9 * | 15.9 ± 5.7 | 20.5 ± 5.8 | 2.7 | 0.052 |
Subscapular | 11.4 ± 4.7 | 11.4 ± 4.5 | 10.9 ± 3.9 | 10.9 ± 3.4 | 14.6 ± 9.4 | 1.7 | 0.169 |
Supraspinale | 10.3 ± 5.3 | 9.6 ± 4.1 * | 9.3 ± 4.4 * | 10.7 ± 4.5 | 15.0 ± 10.4 | 3.1 | 0.030 |
Abdominal | 19.2 ± 8.3 | 18.8 ± 8.0 | 17.8 ± 8.4 | 19.3 ± 7.7 | 24.2 ± 9.9 | 1.4 | 0.233 |
Front thigh | 24.9 ± 10.2 | 24.1 ± 8.9 | 23.8 ± 9.7 | 24.7 ± 11.3 | 32.4 ± 9.9 | 1.8 | 0.145 |
Medial calf | 15.7 ± 6.1 | 15.9 ± 5.1 | 15.1 ± 7.2 | 15.4 ± 5.9 | 18.9 ±5.3 | 0.9 | 0.421 |
Breadths (cm) | |||||||
Humerus | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.3 | 6.1 ± 0.3 | 6.2 ± 0.4 | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.097 |
Wrist | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.2 * | 5.1 ± 0.3 * | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 2.8 | 0.044 |
Femur | 8.9 ± 0.5 | 8.9 ± 0.4 * | 8.7 ± 0.4 * | 9.0 ± 0.6 | 9.4 ± 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.004 |
Ankle | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.3 | 6.6 ± 0.4 | 6.7 ± 0.3 | 3.0 | 0.034 |
Girths (cm) | |||||||
Relaxed arm | 24.9 ± 2.6 | 24.5 ± 2.6 * | 24.5 ± 2.4 * | 25.0 ± 2.5 | 27.4 ± 2.1 | 3.6 | 0.017 |
Flexed arm | 26.4 ± 2.4 | 26.1 ± 2.5 * | 25.9 ± 2.1 * | 26.4 ± 2.4 * | 28.7 ± 1.9 | 3.8 | 0.012 |
Waist | 68.0 ± 5.9 | 67.7 ± 6.5 * | 66.5 ± 5.3 * | 68.0 ± 5.5 * | 73.9 ± 5.4 | 4.0 | 0.010 |
Gluteal | 93.4 ± 6.7 | 92.4 ± 6.7 * | 92.8 ± 6.4 * | 93.1 ± 6.7 * | 99.9 ± 4.4 | 3.3 | 0.022 |
Mid-thigh | 51.2 ± 4.6 | 50.3 ± 4.9 | 50.7 ± 3.9 | 51.6 ± 4.9 | 54.6 ± 4.0 | 2.3 | 0.085 |
Calf | 32.9 ± 2.6 | 32.6 ± 2.1 * | 32.4 ± 2.2 * | 32.9 ± 3.0 * | 35.5 ± 2.0 | 3.7 | 0.014 |
Lengths (cm) | |||||||
Acromiale-radiale | 30.7 ± 1.6 | 31.0 ± 1.3 | 30.4 ± 1.4 * | 30.5 ± 1.7 | 32.0 ± 1.9 | 3.0 | 0.032 |
Radiale-stylion | 24.2 ± 1.5 | 24.3 ± 1.2 * | 23.8 ± 1.4 * | 24.1 ± 1.3 * | 26.3 ± 1.6 | 8.6 | 0.000 |
Midstylion-dactylion | 18.5 ± 1.0 | 18.5 ± 1.0 | 18.3 ± 1.0 * | 18.3 ± 0.9 * | 19.5 ± 1.2 | 4.2 | 0.008 |
Foot | 24.4 ± 1.6 | 24.6 ± 1.0 | 24.3 ± 1.1 | 24.1 ± 2.2 * | 25.8 ± 0.7 | 3.0 | 0.033 |
Variables | Total (n = 101) | FW (n = 25) | MF (n = 33) | DF (n = 34) | GK (n = 9) | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sum of 6 skinfolds (mm) | 97.5 ± 35.8 | 94.9 ± 31.7 | 92.3 ± 35.4 | 96.9 ± 34.2 | 125.6 ± 45.9 | 2.2 | 0.092 |
Fat (kg) | 20.8 ± 5.7 | 20.4 ± 5.1 * | 20.0 ± 5.7 * | 20.6 ± 5.5 * | 25.4 ± 7.2 | 2.3 | 0.081 |
Fat % | 12.2 ± 5.2 | 11.8 ± 4.6 | 11.3 ± 4.8 | 12.2 ±5.1 | 17.2 ± 6.2 | 2.4 | 0.022 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 21.3 ± 2.1 | 21.1 ± 1.9 * | 20.8 ± 1.9 * | 21.3 ± 2.2 * | 23.7 ± 1.0 | 5.2 | 0.002 |
Muscle mass % | 37.7 ± 2.7 | 37.9 ± 2.4 | 38.2 ± 2.6 | 37.6 ± 2.8 | 35.7 ± 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.107 |
Skeletal mass (kg) | 6.8 ± 0.9 | 6.8 ± 0.7 * | 6.6 ± 0.7 * | 6.9 ± 1.0 * | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 4.3 | 0.007 |
Skeletal mass % | 12.1 ± 1.2 | 12.1 ± 1.4 | 12.1 ± 1.2 | 12.1 ± 1.1 | 11.6 ± 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.693 |
Endomorphy | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 3.8 ± 1.2 | 4.0 ±1.3 | 4.9 ± 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.147 |
Mesomorphy | 2.4 ± 0.9 | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 2.5 ±1.2 | 1.8 | 0.145 |
Ectomorphy | 2.1 ± 1.2 | 2.4 ± 1.4 | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 1.3 | 1.7 ±1.3 | 1.2 | 0.374 |
Low | Average | High | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extremely low | Very Low | Low | Below average | Average | Above average | High | Very high | Extremely high | ||||||||
Sum of 6 skinfolds (mm) | 46.5 | 58.9 | 67.2 | 77.4 | 98.1 | 121.2 | 145.8 | 163.2 | ||||||||
Fat (%) | 12.9 | 14.5 | 16.1 | 17.6 | 20.8 | 24.4 | 28.7 | 31.6 | ||||||||
Fat (kg) | 6.2 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 11.5 | 15.1 | 18.4 | 23.6 | ||||||||
Muscle mass (kg) | 18.2 | 18.9 | 19.4 | 20.6 | 21.3 | 22.1 | 23.7 | 26.1 | ||||||||
Muscle mass% | 32.8 | 34.4 | 36.1 | 37.7 | 38.6 | 39.9 | 41.3 | 42.5 | ||||||||
Skeletal mass (kg) | 5.5 | 5.8 | 6.2 | 6.4 | 6.8 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 8.4 | ||||||||
Skeletal mass (%) | 9.8 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 11.9 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 13.8 | 14.3 |
Author | Country & Competition Level | n | Age (Years) | Height (cm) | Weight (kg) | Body Fat (%) | Endomorphy | Mesomorphy | Ectomorphy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nikolaidis [9] | Greek Amateur club level | 54 | 5.2 ± 1.5 | 4.6 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | ||||
Milanovic et al. [10] | Serbian A-National Team | 22 | 23.9 ± 4.5 | 168.8 ± 7.2 164.7 ± 5 (FW) 168.7 ± 8.7 (MF) 170.0 ± 7.2 (DF) 172.5 ± 3.5 (GK) | 61.4 ± 6 | 25.9 | |||
62.7 ± 7.7 (MF) | |||||||||
59.5 ± 10.6 (GK) | |||||||||
Sporis et al. [11] | Croatian elite level total group | 24 | 18.3 ± 0.6 | 165.6 ± 4.2 | 58.3 ± 4.6 | 21.3 ± 1.5 | |||
4 | 17.4 ± 0.4 (FW) | 165.0 ± 4.2 (FW) | 63.6 ± 4.1 (FW) | 20.3 ± 1.7 (FW) | |||||
12 | 18.3 ± 0.7 (MF) | 164.0 ± 4.3(MF) | 56.0 ± 4.8 (MF) | 21.6 ± 1.8 (MF) | |||||
5 | 18.5 ± 0.6 (DF) | 165.8 ± 3.9 (DF) | 56.3 ± 4.9 (DF) | 21.8 ± 0.9 (DF) | |||||
3 | 19.1 ± 0.5 (GK) | 172.5 ± 4.6 (GK) | 64.4 ± 4.2 (GK) | 20.7 ± 1.2 (GK) | |||||
Haugen et al. [12] | Norwegian National Team | 85 | 23.5 ± 3.6 | 63.7 ± 5.2 | |||||
Norwegian 1st Division | 46 | 21.2 ± 3.6 | 62.4 ± 6.6 | ||||||
Total group | 44 | 21.9 ± 3.8 (FW) | 64.1 ± 6.7 (FW) | ||||||
55 | 21.6 ± 4.3 (MF) | 61.5 ± 4.6 (MF) | |||||||
50 | 21.6 ± 4.1 (DF) | 61.9 ± 5.7 (DF) | |||||||
16 | 21.4 ± 4.7 (GK) | 67.3 ± 4.6 (GK) | |||||||
Sporis et al. [13] | Croatian First League club players | 24 | 165.6 ± 5.8 | 58.6 ± 9 | 13.6 ± 4.2 | ||||
165.0 (FW) | 63.6 (FW) | 14.3 (FW) | |||||||
164.0 (MF) | 56.0 (MF) | 12.6 (MF) | |||||||
165.8 (DF) | 56.3 (DF) | 16.8 (DF) | |||||||
172.5 (GK) | 64.4 (GK) | 13.7 (GK) | |||||||
Vescovi et al. [14] | USA Sub-elite 1st Division | 64 | 19.8 ± 1.2 | 168.4 ± 5.9 | 64.8 ± 5.9 | ||||
168.3 ± 6.6 (FW) | 64.5 ± 5.8 (FW) | ||||||||
165.9 ± 6.3 (MF) | 61.3 ± 4.7 (MF) | ||||||||
169.9 ± 4.3 (DF) | 67 ± 6.7 (DF) | ||||||||
170.3 ± 5.7 (GK) | 66.4 ± 1.9 (GK) | ||||||||
Adhikari and Nugent [20] | Canadian club level | 18 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.0 | ||||
Can et al. [31] | Turkish highest division | 17 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 3.5 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 0.9 | ||||
Withers et al. [22] | South Australian team | 11 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 4.6 ± 1.0 | 2.2 ± 1.2 | ||||
Goranovic et al. [36] | Serbian super league | 20 | 19.7 ± 4.8 | 163.8 ± 3.7 (FW) | 56.3 ± 5.8 (FW) | 20.9 ± 4.2 (FW) | 2.71 (FW) | 3.46 (FW) | 2.74 (FW) |
167.1 ± 7.5 (MF) | 61.3 ± 7.4 (MF) | 22.8 ± 4.6 (MF) | 3.32 (MF) | 3.43 (MF) | 2.53 (MF) | ||||
171.2 ± 6.1 (DF) | 61.7 ± 6.8 (DF) | 20.8 ± 5.0 (DF) | 2.89 (DF) | 2.87 (DF) | 3.19 (DF) | ||||
Krustrup et al. [37] | Danish highest division | 14 | 24 | 167.0 | 58.5 | 14.6 | |||
166.0 ± 4 (FW) | 58.7 ± 3.8 (FW) | 16.1 ± 2.4 (FW) | |||||||
165.0 ± 4 (MF) | 56.0 ± 5.9 (MF) | 12.5 ± 2.2 (MF) | |||||||
168.0 ± 7 (DF) | 60.7 ± 6.3 (DF) | 15.4 ± 3.7 (DF) | |||||||
Todd et al. [38] | English international | 25 | 22.3 ± 4.3 23.4 ± 5.9 21.3 ± 6.6 | 162.8 ± 5.9 | 61.2 ± 5.2 | 22.9 ± 3.4 | |||
English Premier League | 44 | 163.3 ± 5.5 | 62.1 ± 6.4 | 23.9 ± 4.2 | |||||
English Regional League | 51 | 163.9 ± 6.3 | 61.6 ± 7.1 | 25.5 ± 3.5 | |||||
Total group | 120 | 162.5 ± 6.8 (FW) | 60.9 ± 7.3 (FW) | 24.3 ± 4.1 (FW) | |||||
161.6 ± 5 (MF) | 59.5 ± 5 (MF) | 24.0 ± 3.5 (MF) | |||||||
165.2 ± 5.6 (DF) | 62.7 ± 6.6 (DF) | 24.2 ± 3.9 (DF) | |||||||
168.5 ± 4.3 (GK) | 68.9 ± 5.5 (GK) | 26.3 ± 4.3 (GK) | |||||||
This study | South African semi-elite | 101 | 21.8 ± 2.7 | 160.9 ± 5.7 (FW) | 56.3 ± 8.4 (FW) | 11.8 ± 4.6 (FW) | 3.8 ± 1.2 (FW) | 2.0 ± 0.9 (FW) | 2.1 ± 1.2 (FW) |
158.7 ± 6.1 (MF) | 55.0 ± 8.4 (MF) | 11.3 ± 4.8 (MF) | 3.8 ± 1.2 (MF) | 2.3 ± 0.7 (MF) | 2.1 ± 1.0 (MF) | ||||
159.1 ± 6.9 (DF) | 57.4 ± 9.9 (DF) | 12.2 ± 5.1 (DF) | 4.0 ± 1.3 (DF) | 2.7 ± 1.0 (DF) | 1.9 ± 1.3 (DF) | ||||
166.2 ± 8.4 (GK) | 66.5 ± 5.1 (GK) | 17.2 ± 6.2 (GK) | 4.9 ± 1.8 (GK) | 2.5 ± 1.2 (GK) | 1.7 ± 1.3 (GK) |
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Strauss, A.; Sparks, M.; Pienaar, C. Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073603
Strauss A, Sparks M, Pienaar C. Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7):3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073603
Chicago/Turabian StyleStrauss, Anita, Martinique Sparks, and Cindy Pienaar. 2021. "Comparison of the Morphological Characteristics of South African Sub-Elite Female Football Players According to Playing Position" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 7: 3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073603