Association of Stress Management with Success of Smoking Cessation in Korean Female Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. General and Smoking-Related Characteristics
2.2.2. Classification of Occupation
2.2.3. Drinking Status
2.2.4. Nicotine Dependence
2.2.5. Motivation Rulers
2.2.6. Supporters
2.2.7. Times When the Temptation to Smoke Is the Highest
2.2.8. Smoking Cessation Counseling for Women
- 1.
- Participant recruitment
- 2.
- Counseling methods
- 3.
- Stress management
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales N = 1002 (%) | Other Occupations N = 1672 (%) | Total N = 2674 (%) | p-Value | Effect Size a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | Mean ± SD | 30.42 ± 9.03 | 30.42 ± 10.07 | 30.42 ± 9.69 | 0.986 | 0.181 |
BMI | Mean ± SD | 22.02 ± 4.33 | 20.56 ± 3.46 | 21.55 ± 4.13 | <0.001 | 0.207 |
Alcohol drinking status | 0.405 | |||||
High-risk drinking * | 262 (26.1) | 120 (7.2) | 382 (14.3) | <0.001 | ||
Moderate drinking | 266 (26.5) | 127 (7.6) | 393 (14.7) | |||
No | 474 (47.3) | 1425 (85.2) | 1899 (71.0) | |||
Age of first smoking experience (years) | Mean ± SD | 19.49 ± 5.54 | 20.14 ± 6.05 | 19.89 ± 5.87 | 0.006 | 0.182 |
≤15 | 184 (18.4) | 241 (14.4) | 425 (15.9) | <0.001 | ||
16–18 | 325 (32.4) | 452 (27.0) | 777 (29.1) | |||
≥19 | 493 (49.2) | 979 (58.6) | 1472 (55.0) | |||
Cigarettes per day | Mean ± SD | 9.66 ± 5.51 | 9.03 ± 6.48 | 9.26 ± 6.14 | 0.008 | 0.172 |
<5 | 145 (14.5) | 369 (22.1) | 514 (19.2) | <0.001 | ||
5–9 | 292 (29.1) | 469 (28.1) | 761 (28.5) | |||
10–14 | 346 (34.5) | 539 (32.2) | 885 (33.1) | |||
≥15 | 219 (21.9) | 295 (17.6) | 514 (19.2) | |||
CO level (ppm) | Mean ± SD | 10.71 ± 7.14 | 7.43 ± 6.46 | 8.75 ± 6.93 | <0.001 | 0.232 |
0–6 | 300 (31.3) | 758 (53.1) | 1058 (44.3) | <0.001 | ||
7–10 | 243 (25.3) | 321 (22.5) | 564 (23.6) | |||
11–20 | 330 (34.4) | 282 (19.7) | 612 (25.6) | |||
≥21 | 87 (9.1) | 67 (4.7) | 154 (6.4) | |||
Nicotine dependency | Mean ± SD | 2.79 ± 2.37 | 2.50 ± 2.29 | 2.61 ± 2.32 | 0.002 | 0.087 |
Low (0–3) | 625 (62.4) | 1148 (68.7) | 1773 (66.3) | 0.003 | ||
Mild (4–6) | 297 (29.6) | 424 (25.4) | 721 (27.0) | |||
High (≥7) | 80 (8.0) | 100 (6.0) | 180 (6.7) | |||
Experience of quitting smoking | 0.006 | |||||
Yes | 464 (46.3) | 785 (46.9) | 1249 (46.7) | 0.747 | ||
No | 538 (53.7) | 887 (53.1) | 1425 (53.3) |
Variable | Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales N = 1002 (%) | Other Occupations N = 1672 (%) | Total N = 2674 (%) | p-Value | Effect Size a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Motivation rulers | ||||||
Importance | Mean ± SD | 7.09 ± 2.40 | 7.11 ± 2.37 | 7.10 ± 2.38 | <0.001 | 0.056 |
Confidence | Mean ± SD | 5.18 ± 2.35 | 5.77 ± 2.58 | 5.55 ± 2.51 | <0.001 | 0.141 |
Readiness | Mean ± SD | 5.26 ± 2.44 | 5.84 ± 2.59 | 5.62 ± 2.55 | <0.001 | 0.132 |
Frequency of counseling | Mean ± SD | 3.04 ± 2.74 | 1.84 ± 1.66 | 2.28 ± 2.20 | <0.001 | 0.195 |
1 | 318 (33.3) | 1020 (61.3) | 1338 (51.1) | <0.001 | ||
2 | 263 (27.5) | 367 (22.0) | 630 (24.0) | |||
3 | 134 (14.0) | 137 (8.2) | 271 (10.3) | |||
4 | 64 (6.7) | 41 (2.5) | 105 (4.0) | |||
≥5 | 176 (18.4) | 100 (6.0) | 276 (10.5) | |||
Smoking abstinence | ||||||
4 weeks | 183 (18.3) | 171 (10.2) | 354 (13.2) | <0.001 | 0.115 | |
6 weeks | 166 (16.6) | 157 (9.4) | 323 (12.1) | <0.001 | 0.107 | |
12 weeks | 127 (12.7) | 107 (6.4) | 234 (8.8) | <0.001 | 0.107 | |
24 weeks | 102 (10.2) | 63 (3.8) | 165 (6.2) | <0.001 | 0.129 |
Variable | Emotional Labor Worker for Service and Sales | Other Occupations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1002 (%) | Rank | 1672 (%) | Rank | |
Spouse/lover | 241 (24.1) | 1 | 400 (23.9) | 1 |
Work colleagues | 220 (22.0) | 2 | 107 (6.4) | 6 |
Parents/grandparents | 144 (14.4) | 3 | 313 (18.7) | 3 |
Friends/school seniors and juniors | 137 (13.7) | 4 | 325 (19.4) | 2 |
Brothers and sisters | 60 (6.0) | 5 | 124 (7.4) | 5 |
Others | 58 (5.8) | 6 | 147 (8.8) | 4 |
Sons and daughters | 37 (3.7) | 7 | 59 (3.5) | 7 |
Variable | Emotional Labor Worker for Service and Sales | Other Occupations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1002 (%) | Rank | 1672 (%) | Rank | |
After meals | 416 (41.5) | 1 | 634 (37.9) | 1 |
Negative situations (when stressed, when things did not go as expected, when you get angry, etc.) | 357 (35.6) | 2 | 418 (25.0) | 3 |
Habitual situations (when you need refreshing/when you realize you had not smoke for a while/when you are drinking alcohol or coffee/when you are alone or waiting, etc.) | 315 (31.4) | 3 | 448 (26.8) | 2 |
In the morning right after waking up | 219 (21.9) | 4 | 322 (19.3) | 4 |
During breaks | 115 (11.5) | 5 | 175 (10.5) | 5 |
Being with a smoker or seeing an actor/actress smoke on TV | 104 (10.4) | 6 | 159 (9.5) | 6 |
Before going to sleep | 79 (7.9) | 7 | 105 (6.3) | 7 |
In the washroom/after shower | 59 (5.9) | 8 | 101 (6.0) | 8 |
Etc. | 28 (2.8) | 9 | 48 (2.9) | 9 |
Positive situations (when you are with friends or family/when you are chattering or relaxing, etc.) | 19 (1.9) | 10 | 47 (2.8) | 10 |
Variable | 4 Weeks (n = 354) | 6 Weeks (n = 323) | 12 Weeks (n = 234) | 24 Weeks (n = 165) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Interval) | |
Emotional labor status | 1.33 (0.96–1.85) | 1.23 (0.88–1.71) | 1.26 (0.87–1.83) | 2.27 (1.39–3.72) ** |
Frequency of counseling | 4.54 (3.82–5.40) *** | 4.36 (3.66–5.18) *** | 4.75 (3.85–5.87) *** | 5.35 (4.03–7.10) *** |
Motivation rulers | ||||
Importance | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) *** | 1.23 (1.15–1.32) *** | 1.29 (1.18–1.40) *** | 1.24 (1.13–1.36) *** |
Confidence | 1.24 (1.17–1.32) *** | 1.24 (1.16–1.32) *** | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) *** | 1.31 (1.21–1.42) *** |
Readiness | 1.22 (1.15–1.30) *** | 1.22 (1.14–1.29) *** | 1.31 (1.22–1.40) *** | 1.25 (1.15–1.35) *** |
Age of first smoking experience (years) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) * | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) * |
Cigarettes per day | 0.93 (0.90–0.95) *** | 0.93 (0.90–0.96) *** | 0.94 (0.91–0.97) *** | 0.90 (0.87–0.94) *** |
CO level (ppm) | 0.50 (0.42–0.60) *** | 0.47 (0.39–0.57) *** | 0.40 (0.32–0.51) *** | 0.39 (0.30–0.51) *** |
Nicotine dependency | 0.86 (0.80–0.91) *** | 0.64 (0.49–0.82) ** | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) ** | 0.46 (0.31–0.67) *** |
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Kim, H.; Lee, K.-S. Association of Stress Management with Success of Smoking Cessation in Korean Female Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063023
Kim H, Lee K-S. Association of Stress Management with Success of Smoking Cessation in Korean Female Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063023
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Haena, and Kang-Sook Lee. 2021. "Association of Stress Management with Success of Smoking Cessation in Korean Female Emotional Labor Workers for Service and Sales" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 3023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063023