Load Transference with the Gain of Excessive Body Mass: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Equipment and Procedure
2.3. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
2.4. Load Transfer Method
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Arch Index
3.3. FTI
3.4. Load Transfer
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Overweight | Obese | Overweight | Obese | |
7 | 17.4 | 19.2 | 17.2 | 18.9 |
8 | 18.1 | 20.3 | 18.1 | 19.9 |
9 | 18.9 | 21.4 | 19.0 | 21.0 |
10 | 19.6 | 22.5 | 20.0 | 22.1 |
11 | 20.3 | 23.6 | 21.1 | 23.3 |
Group | Baseline | Follow-Up | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Group 0 | 15 | 15 | - | - |
Group 1 | 15 | 15 | - | - | |
Age (years) | Group 0 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 2 | - |
Group 1 | 7.7 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 2 | - | |
Height (cm) | Group 0 | 130.3 ± 4.1 | 141.2 ± 4.8 | 11.0 (9.9 to 12.0) | 0.000 |
Group 1 | 129.9 ± 4.3 | 141.1 ± 4.7 | 11.3 (10.3 to 12.2) | 0.000 | |
Weight (kg) | Group 0 | 25.4 ± 2.6 | 33.3 ± 4.9 | 7.8 (6.5 to 9.2) | 0.000 |
Group 1 | 28.0 ± 2.3 | 40.4 ± 3.8 | 12.4 (11.0 to 13.8) | 0.000 | |
BMI (kg·m−2) | Group 0 | 15.0 ± 1.3 | 16.6 ± 2.0 | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.2) | 0.011 |
Group 1 | 16.6 ± 0.8 | 20.3 ± 0.9 | 3.6 (3.1 to 4.2) | 0.000 | |
AI | Group 0 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.16 ± 0.07 | −0.11 (−0.08 to −0.13) | 0.000 |
Group 1 | 0.27 ± 0.06 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | −0.08 (−0.06 to −0.10) | 0.002 |
Regions | Group 0 | Group 1 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow up | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p | Baseline | Follow up | Mean Difference (95% CI) | p | |
BT | 6.7 ± 3.0 | 16.2 ± 8.9 | 9.5 (5.0 to 14.0) | 0.001 | 6.0 ± 4.6 | 16.9 ± 10.4 | 10.9 (6.4 to 15.5) | 0.001 |
T2–5 | 2.2 ± 1.7 | 3.3 ± 2.1 | 1.0 (-0.4 to 2.5) | 0.163 | 1.8 ± 1.5 | 3.4 ± 3.1 | 1.6 (−0.2 to 3.4) | 0.082 |
MM | 27.4 ± 9.2 | 60.0 ± 22.0 | 34.4 (21.6 to 47.2) | 0.000 | 24.4 ± 15.4 | 55.2 ± 25.2 | 30.8 (14.9 to 46.6) | 0.000 |
LM | 25.2 ± 19.6 | 31.4 ± 18.0 | 6.2 (−4.4 to 16.8) | 0.379 | 17.9 ± 10.6 | 44.7 ± 23.0 | 26.8 (14.2 to 39.3) | 0.001 |
MF | 13.7 ± 13.3 | 15.9 ± 13.6 | 2.2 (−1.9 to 6.3) | 0.663 | 17.3 ± 15.7 | 23.4 ± 16.9 | 7.3 (−3.0 to 17.6) | 0.320 |
HM | 17.0 ± 8.7 | 30.6 ± 13.1 | 13.6 (4.9 to 22.2) | 0.003 | 23.1 ± 18.3 | 33.1 ± 14.5 | 9.9 (−1.0 to 20.9) | 0.110 |
HL | 14.0 ± 6.9 | 28.1 ± 13.4 | 14.0 (6.4 to 21.6) | 0.002 | 19.0 ± 11.1 | 31.0 ± 12.3 | 12.0 (4.1 to 19.9) | 0.009 |
Regions | Group 0 | Group 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline | Follow up | Transfer Value | Baseline | Follow up | Transfer Value | |
BT | 6.6 | 8.6 | −2.0 | 6.2 | 8.4 | −2.2 |
T2–5 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 0.2 |
MM | 29.1 | 33.2 | −4.1 | 24.0 | 26.8 | −2.8 |
LM | 21.6 | 16.7 | 4.9 | 16.5 | 21.2 | −4.7 |
MF | 11.0 | 8.0 | 3.0 | 13.3 | 10.8 | 2.5 |
HM | 16.1 | 16.5 | −0.4 | 20.4 | 15.8 | 4.6 |
HL | 13.6 | 15.1 | −1.5 | 17.6 | 15.2 | 2.4 |
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Li, R.; Liu, Q.; Chen, X.; Yan, S.; Zhao, Y.; Zhang, L.; Badurova, J.; Yang, L.; Fan, H. Load Transference with the Gain of Excessive Body Mass: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062879
Li R, Liu Q, Chen X, Yan S, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Badurova J, Yang L, Fan H. Load Transference with the Gain of Excessive Body Mass: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(6):2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062879
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ruoyi, Qingyun Liu, Xuecan Chen, Shiyang Yan, Yihong Zhao, Linshan Zhang, Jitka Badurova, Luming Yang, and Haojun Fan. 2021. "Load Transference with the Gain of Excessive Body Mass: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6: 2879. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062879