Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Strategies and Design for Pandemic Prevention and Control
2.2. Urban Furniture
2.3. QFD
- Receiver state parameter (left side): The receiver state parameter represents the facets of a product system, which have some kind of influence on the product system receiver. In other words, it describes the value of the receiver offered by the product system solution. In the product design context, the receiver state parameter is often represented by user expectations or URs of the product system. In this article, it represents the requirements of different stakeholders in urban furniture design for pandemic prevention and control, including government agencies, community workers, urban dwellers and health workers;
- Characteristics of product (top): This part reflects the corresponding elements of a product that can characterize the product system. In this article, this denotes the DRs of urban furniture for pandemic prevention and control;
- Component of product (top): The product component represents the product characteristics that the whole product system can be divided into. Notably, in this article, urban furniture is regarded as an entire product rather than several product components, so phase two in the Scheme of QFD in phase two (for the component of products) will not be considered.
2.4. ANP
2.5. The Integrated ANP-QFD Approach
- W1 is an eigenvector that demonstrates the significance degree of each UR;
- W2 is a correlation matrix that demonstrates the pairwise comparison results for each DR with respect to each UR. In other words, it presents the relationships between URs and DRs;
- W3 is a correlation matrix of URs that demonstrates the pairwise comparison results. In other words, it presents the inner dependencies of URs;
- W4 is a correlation matrix of DRs that demonstrates the results of the pairwise comparison for each DR with respect to each DR. In other words, it presents the inner dependencies of DRs;
- WANP is an eigenvector that demonstrates the importance level (the relative weight) of DRs.
2.6. Research Gap
3. Methods
- Step 1. Identify the URs and DRs of urban furniture design with respect to pandemic prevention and control;
- Step 2. Determine the relative weight of URs through pairwise comparisons. There is an assumption that no UR has a dependency on another in this stage. A 9-level Likert scale is employed to make a pairwise comparison, where level 9 represents the most significant degree of the matrix while level 1 represents the least significant degree of the matrix. Once a pairwise comparison is conducted, the consistency of results will be checked immediately. Finally, the relative weights of URs will be calculated, which is described as eigenvector W1;
- Step 3. Determine the relative weight of DRs with respect to each UR by pairwise comparisons. Similarly, we assume that there is no inner dependency among DRs. When the pairwise comparison is completed, whether the result is consistent will be checked. The results of this step are described as eigenvector W2;
- Step 4. Determine the inner dependencies among URs with respect to each UR. In this step, we employ the same calculation process as in step 2. The results will be represented by W3. It is worth noting that URs may be dependent on each other while pairwise comparisons are processing;
- Step 5. Determine the inner dependencies among DRs with respect to each DR by using a similar calculation process to that in step 3. There may be some inner dependencies among DRs. The final results are represented by W4;
- Step 6. Calculate the interdependent priorities of URs by employing Formula (1): WC = W3*W1. Simultaneously, calculate the interdependent priorities of DRs by utilizing Formula (2): WA = W4*W2;
- Step 7. Determine the overall priorities of DRs by employing Formula (3): WANP = WA*WC.
4. A Case Study: Urban Furniture Design for Pandemic Prevention and Control in Chinese Communities
4.1. Research Design
4.2. Research Steps
4.2.1. Step 1
4.2.2. Step 2
4.2.3. Step 3
4.2.4. Step 4
4.2.5. Step 5
4.2.6. Step 6
4.2.7. Step 7
4.3. The Validation of the Integrated ANP-QFD
5. Discussion
6. Strategies of Urban Furniture Design for Pandemic Prevention and Control
6.1. Automatic Disinfection and Cleaning
6.2. The Change of Interactive Approaches
6.3. Smart Monitor and Track
6.4. Data Visualization Platform
6.5. Emotional Regulation and Connection
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
W2-UR2 | DR1 | DR2 | DR3 | DR4 | DR5 | DR6 | DR7 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1/2 | 4 | 0.212 |
DR2 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1/2 | 4 | 0.212 |
DR3 | 1/6 | 1/6 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/5 | 1/7 | 1/4 | 0.028 |
DR4 | 1/5 | 1/5 | 3 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/6 | 1/2 | 0.048 |
DR5 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1/4 | 2 | 0.103 |
DR6 | 2 | 2 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 0.327 |
DR7 | 1/4 | 1/4 | 4 | 2 | 1/2 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.070 |
W2-UR3 | DR1 | DR2 | DR3 | DR4 | DR5 | DR6 | DR7 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR1 | 1 | 1/2 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1/3 | 1/6 | 0.039 |
DR2 | 2 | 1 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/4 | 0.061 |
DR3 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.266 |
DR4 | 4 | 3 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1/2 | 0.164 |
DR5 | 3 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 0.099 |
DR6 | 3 | 2 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 1/3 | 0.099 |
DR7 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.272 |
W3-UR1 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
UR1 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 0.681 |
UR2 | 1/4 | 1 | 2 | 0.201 |
UR3 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 1 | 0.118 |
W3-UR2 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
UR1 | 1 | 1/3 | 4 | 0.284 |
UR2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 0.619 |
UR3 | 1/4 | 1/5 | 1 | 0.097 |
W3-UR3 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
UR1 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/4 | 0.123 |
UR2 | 3 | 1 | 1/2 | 0.320 |
UR3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0.557 |
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Type | Function | Image | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Express cabinet | Express service | Offers express pick-up and drop-off services | |
Fitness facility | Exercise and entertainment | Provides a place where residents can exercise | |
Charging pile | Charging | Provides energy for electrical vehicles and bicycles. | |
Seat | Rest | Includes places where several people can sit | |
Street light | Illumination | Offers light at night | |
Trash bin | Trash recycle | Holds rubbish until it is delivered | |
Sign | Guidance | Offers directions and routes for citizens | |
Vending machine | Selling goods | Sells snacks, beverages and cigarettes to customers automatically |
Respondents | Description |
---|---|
Seven community workers | All of them have at least five years’ experience working in communities. They have an in-depth understanding of residents’ requirements. Furthermore, they have successfully organized some activities for pandemic prevention and control in the community. |
Three community pharmacists | They are professional health workers in community clinics. All of them have undergone professional training, so they have professional knowledge of pandemic prevention and control. |
Two PhD students in management | Both of them are skillful in community management and development. One has a PhD in community development, while the other is currently pursuing his PhD. |
Two industrial designers | They are currently employed by professional design companies. Both of them have at least five years of working experience in industrial design and product design, with one in intermediate design and one as a senior designer. |
Three university teachers in design | They are professional teachers in design fields. All of them have at least 15-years’ teaching and research experience in design fields, with two being associate professors and one a professor. |
Three PhD students in design | All of them are currently pursuing their PhD in design. |
Two technicians | Both of them have at least five years of working experience in manufacturing and maintaining urban furniture, and they are familiar with the manufacturing of urban furniture. |
Attribute | Value | Frequency | Attribute | Value | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 76 | Attitudes toward the roles of existing urban furniture in pandemic prevention and control | Very useless | 42 |
Female | 88 | Useless | 97 | ||
Age | 21–30 | 29 | Slight useful | 23 | |
31–40 | 46 | Useful | 2 | ||
41–50 | 49 | Very useful | 0 | ||
Above 50 | 40 | Attitudes toward the associations between urban furniture design and pandemic prevention and control | Very weak | 3 | |
Occupation | Local residents | 118 | Weak | 12 | |
Community workers | 28 | General | 38 | ||
Pharmacists | 5 | Strong | 84 | ||
Designers | 13 | Very strong | 27 |
Notation | User Requirement | Description |
---|---|---|
UR1 | Usability and easy access | Provide safe, effective and efficient using conditions for users |
UR2 | Sanitation and health | Exposure to a clean circumstance where there is no virus and contamination |
UR3 | Emotional pleasure | Evoke positive emotions and ease users’ negative feelings when users are interacting with a product |
Notation | Design Requirement | Description |
---|---|---|
DR1 | Contact reduction | Reduce the frequency of contact to lower risk of transmission and help users keep a considerable physical distance from each other |
DR2 | Effective disinfection | Eliminate viruses existing on objects through various disinfection methods |
DR3 | Good appearance | Improve users’ emotions and mitigate their bad feelings through suitable form, bright colors and the right proportions |
DR4 | Social and cultural symbol | Have a sense of cultural identity and a sense of belonging to a specific culture |
DR5 | Ergonomics | Easy access to completing a task, offer a sense of accomplishment and a satisfying experience, and cater to ergonomic principles |
DR6 | Smart system and technology | Incorporate features of sensor, actuation, and control based on intelligent techniques and system |
DR7 | Sustainability | Environmentally friendly design that can minimize the harmful impact on our surroundings |
Level | Importance | Implication |
---|---|---|
1 | Equivalently important | One matrix is similarly important as the other |
3 | Slightly important | One matrix is slightly more important than the other |
5 | Moderately important | One matrix is moderately more important than the other |
7 | Considerably important | One matrix is considerably more important than the other |
9 | Dramatically important | One matrix is dramatically more important than the other |
2, 4, 6, 8 | ------ | Mediating degrees between these mentioned above |
W1 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
UR1 | 1 | 1/3 | 2 | 0.252 |
UR2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0.589 |
UR3 | 1/2 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.159 |
W2-UR1 | DR1 | DR2 | DR3 | DR4 | DR5 | DR6 | DR7 | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR1 | 1 | 1/6 | 2 | 2 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/2 | 0.052 |
DR2 | 6 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 1/2 | 2 | 4 | 0.256 |
DR3 | 1/2 | 1/6 | 1 | 1 | 1/7 | 1/5 | 1/4 | 0.035 |
DR4 | 1/2 | 1/6 | 1 | 1 | 1/7 | 1/6 | 1/4 | 0.034 |
DR5 | 7 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0.334 |
DR6 | 5 | 1/2 | 5 | 6 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | 0.192 |
DR7 | 2 | 1/4 | 4 | 4 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.097 |
W2 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 |
---|---|---|---|
DR1 | 0.052 | 0.212 | 0.039 |
DR2 | 0.256 | 0.212 | 0.061 |
DR3 | 0.035 | 0.028 | 0.266 |
DR4 | 0.034 | 0.048 | 0.164 |
DR5 | 0.334 | 0.103 | 0.099 |
DR6 | 0.192 | 0.327 | 0.099 |
DR7 | 0.097 | 0.070 | 0.272 |
W3 | UR1 | UR2 | UR3 |
---|---|---|---|
UR1 | 0.681 | 0.284 | 0.123 |
UR2 | 0.201 | 0.619 | 0.320 |
UR3 | 0.118 | 0.097 | 0.557 |
W4 | DR1 | DR2 | DR3 | DR4 | DR5 | DR6 | DR7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DR1 | 0.557 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.116 | 0.080 | 0.000 |
DR2 | 0.000 | 0.667 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.074 | 0.139 | 0.000 |
DR3 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.539 | 0.400 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.122 |
DR4 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.297 | 0.400 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.122 |
DR5 | 0.123 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.405 | 0.315 | 0.000 |
DR6 | 0.320 | 0.333 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.405 | 0.466 | 0.220 |
DR7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.164 | 0.200 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.536 |
Rankings | The traditional QFD | The Integrated ANP-QFD |
---|---|---|
DR1 | 5 | 4 |
DR2 | 3 | 2 |
DR3 | 6 | 6 |
DR4 | 7 | 7 |
DR5 | 2 | 3 |
DR6 | 1 | 1 |
DR7 | 4 | 5 |
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Liu, J.; Kamarudin, K.M.; Liu, Y.; Zou, J. Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052653
Liu J, Kamarudin KM, Liu Y, Zou J. Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(5):2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052653
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Jing, Khairul Manami Kamarudin, Yuqi Liu, and Jinzhi Zou. 2021. "Developing Pandemic Prevention and Control by ANP-QFD Approach: A Case Study on Urban Furniture Design in China Communities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5: 2653. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052653