Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population

Ali, Nadeem; Alhakamy, Nabil A.; Ismail, Iqbal M. I.; Nazar, Ehtisham; Summan, Ahmed Saleh; Shah Eqani, Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar; Malarvannan, Govindan

doi:10.3390/ijerph18042125

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Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population

^1,*,

^1,3,

⁴,

^1,5,

Syed Ali Musstjab Akbar Shah Eqani

⁶ and

Govindan Malarvannan

^7,*

Centre of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21413, Saudi Arabia

⁴

Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Gujrat, Punjab 50700, Pakistan

⁵

Department of Environmental Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

⁶

Public Health and Environment Division, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan

⁷

Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Academic Editor: Karthikraj Rajendiran

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(4), 2125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042125

Received: 25 December 2020 / Revised: 10 February 2021 / Accepted: 16 February 2021 / Published: 22 February 2021

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to Emerging Flame Retardants and Alternative Plasticizers)

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Abstract

In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households (n = 20), offices (n = 10) and hotels (n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,500 ng g⁻¹. While dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP together contributed >70% in PM10 (1900 ng m⁻³), which indicate PM10 as a significant source of exposure for DBP and DEHP in different Saudi indoor settings. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the major OPE in PM10 with a concentration of up to 185 ng m⁻³ and the occurrence of OPEs in indoor dust varied in studied indoor settings. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of studied chemicals via dust ingestion and inhalation of PM10 was below the reference dose (RfD) of individual chemicals. However, estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) with moderate risk (1.5 × 10⁻⁵) for Saudi adults and calculated hazardous index (HI) of >1 for Saudi children from DEHP showed a cause of concern to the local public health. View Full-Text

Keywords: organophosphate esters; phthalates; PM10; indoor dust; Saudi Arabia

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Ali, N.; Alhakamy, N.A.; Ismail, I.M.I.; Nazar, E.; Summan, A.S.; Shah Eqani, S.A.M.A.; Malarvannan, G. Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042125

AMA Style

Ali N, Alhakamy NA, Ismail IMI, Nazar E, Summan AS, Shah Eqani SAMA, Malarvannan G. Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042125

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ali, Nadeem, Nabil A. Alhakamy, Iqbal M.I. Ismail, Ehtisham Nazar, Ahmed S. Summan, Syed A.M.A. Shah Eqani, and Govindan Malarvannan. 2021. "Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18042125

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Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population

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