Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n, %) N = 660 | Smoking Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Current Smokers (n = 437, 66.2%) | Quit during COVID-19 Restrictions (n = 46, 7%) | Quit before COVID-19 Restrictions (n = 177, 26.8%) | p-Value | ||
Age mean years, (SD) (missing n = 22) | 40.2 (14.55) | 38.6 (14.57) | 38.3 (12.84) | 44.4 (14.11) | <0.001 |
Sex (missing n = 2) | |||||
Female | 397 (60.3%) | 274 (62.8%) | 32 (69.6%) | 91 (51.7%) | 0.016 |
Education (missing n = 6) | |||||
<12 years | 54 (8.3%) | 41 (9.5%) | 2 (4.3%) | 11 (6.2%) | <0.001 |
12 years | 384 (58.7%) | 278 (64.5%) | 24 (52.2%) | 82 (46.3%) | |
Bachelor’s degree | 152 (23.3%) | 85 (19.7%) | 15 (32.6%) | 52 (29.4%) | |
Master’s degree or higher | 64 (9.8%) | 27 (6.3%) | 5 (10.9%) | 32 (18.1%) | |
Religion (missing n = 9) | |||||
Jewish | 615 (94.5%) | 406 (94.2%) | 43 (93.5%) | 166 (95.4%) | 0.804 ^ |
Muslim | 7 (1.1%) | 3 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (2.3%) | |
Christian | 15 (2.3%) | 12 (2.8%) | 1 (2.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | |
Other * | 14 (2.2%) | 10 (2.3%) | 2 (4.3%) | 2 (1.1%) | |
Marital Status (missing n = 3) | |||||
Married/Living with a partner | 336 (51.1%) | 203 (46.8%) | 22 (47.8%) | 111 (62.7%) | 0.002 |
Single/Divorced/Widowed | 321(48.9%) | 231 (53.2%) | 24 (52.2%) | 66 (37.3%) | |
Outdoor home space (missing n = 10) | |||||
Garden | 275 (42.3%) | 163 (37.9%) | 21 (45.7%) | 91 (52.3%) | 0.029 |
Balcony | 235 (36.2%) | 166 (38.6%) | 16 (34.8%) | 53 (30.5%) | |
No balcony or garden | 140 (21.5%) | 101 (23.5%) | 9 (19.6%) | 30 (17.2%) | |
Employment status prior to COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 6) | |||||
Full-time job | 310 (47.4%) | 207 (48%) | 24 (52.2%) | 79 (44.6%) | 0.086 |
Part-time permanent | 101 (15.4%) | 71 (16.5%) | 6 (13%) | 24 (13.6%) | |
Part-time casual | 40 (6.1%) | 33 (7.7%) | 2 (4.3%) | 5 (2.8%) | |
Self-employed | 64 (9.8%) | 34 (7.9%) | 5 (10.9%) | 25 (14.1%) | |
Not working/unemployed | 96 (14.7%) | 64 (14.8%) | 6 (13%) | 26 (14.7%) | |
Retired | 43 (6.6%) | 22 (5.1%) | 3 (6.5%) | 18 (10.2%) | |
Employment status change during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 17) | |||||
No change | 350 (54.4%) | 219 (51.2%) | 20 (45.5%) | 111 (64.9%) | 0.004 |
Reduced income (total): | 293 (45.6%) | 209 (48.8%) | 24 (54.5%) | 60 (35.1%) | |
Reduced hours | 58 (9%) | 37 (8.6%) | 7 (15.9%) | 14 (8.2%) | 0.001 |
Unpaid leave | 164 (25.5%) | 125 (29.2%) | 11 (25%) | 28 (16.4%) | |
Loss of employment | 23 (3.6%) | 21 (4.9%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (0.6%) | |
Self-employment income significantly reduced | 48 (7.5%) | 26 (6.1%) | 5 (11.4%) | 17 (9.9%) | |
At least one child under 18 years old living at home (missing n = 46) | 311 (50.7%) | 215 (52.4%) | 24 (54.5%) | 72 (45%) | 0.242 |
Age of youngest child living at home (among those with children under 18, n = 303, missing n = 8) | |||||
<6 years | 117 (38.6%) | 74 (35.2%) | 11 (47.8%) | 32 (45.7%) | 0.19 |
≥6 years | 186 (61.4%) | 136 (64.8%) | 12 (52.2%) | 38 (54.3%) | |
Another smoker living at home (missing n = 7) | 278 (42.6%) | 204 (47.3%) | 13 (28.3%) | 61 (34.7%) | 0.002 |
High risk individual for Sars-CoV-2 severe infection living at home (missing n = 6) | 208 (31.8%) | 138 (31.9%) | 17 (37%) | 53 (30.3%) | 0.687 |
Total (n, %) N = 660 | Current Smokers (n = 437, 66.2%) | Quit during COVID-19 Restrictions (n = 46, 7%) | Quit before COVID-19 Restrictions (n = 177, 28.6%) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of smokers’ risk for Sars-CoV-2 infection (missing n = 1) | |||||
Higher risk | 316 (48%) | 205 (47%) | 25 (54.3%) | 86 (48.6%) | 0.627 |
Same or lower risk | 343 (52%) | 231 (53%) | 21 (45.7%) | 91 (51.4%) | |
Perception of smokers’ risk for severe Sars-CoV-2 infection (missing n = 3) | |||||
Higher risk | 535 (81.4%) | 335 (77.2%) | 42 (91.3%) | 158 (89.3%) | <0.001 |
Same or lower risk | 122 (18.6%) | 99 (22.8%) | 4 (8.7%) | 19 (10.7%) | |
Perception of personal risk for Sars-CoV-2 infection Mean (scale 1–5), (SD) (missing n = 5) | 4.67 (2.19) | 4.66 (2.19) | 4.78 (2.14) | 4.66 (2.2) | 0.826 |
Perception of personal risk for severe Sars-CoV-2 infection Mean (scale 1–5), (SD) (missing n = 9) | 4.88 (2.47) | 5.1 (2.47) | 5.09 (2.55) | 4.26 (2.38) | 0.001 |
Underlying chronic illness (missing n = 3) | 157 (23.9%) | 93 (21.4%) | 17 (37%) | 47 (26.7%) | 0.037 |
Perceived stress level prior to COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 3) | |||||
Very low | 124 (18.9%) | 77 (17.7%) | 11 (23.9%) | 36 (20.5%) | 0.56 |
Low | 160 (24.4%) | 104 (23.9%) | 11 (23.9%) | 45 (25.6%) | |
Medium | 192 (29.2%) | 122 (28%) | 13 (28.3%) | 57 (32.4%) | |
High | 119 (18.1%) | 86 (19.8%) | 6 (13%) | 27 (15.3%) | |
Very high | 62 (9.4%) | 46 (10.6%) | 5 (10.9%) | 11 (6.3%) | |
Perceived change in stress level during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 4) | |||||
Increased considerably | 166 (25.3%) | 128 (29.6%) | 11 (23.9%) | 27 (15.3%) | 0.002 |
Increased slightly | 271 (41.3%) | 175 (40.4%) | 17 (37%) | 79 (44.6%) | |
Did not change | 168 (25.6%) | 99 (22.9%) | 10 (21.7%) | 59 (33.3%) | |
Decreased considerably | 33 (5%) | 22 (5.1%) | 4 (8.7%) | 7 (4%) | |
Decreased slightly | 18 (2.7%) | 9 (2.1%) | 4 (8.7%) | 5 (2.8%) |
Total (n, %) N = 437 | Quit Attempt during COVID-19 Restrictions Period | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Did Not Attempt to Quit Smoking (n = 362) | Attempted to Quit Smoking (n = 70) | p-Value | ||
Regular smoker (≥1 cigarette/day) | 400 (91.5%) | 343 (94.8%) | 52 (74.3%) | <0.001 |
Number of cigarettes/day before COVID-19 restrictions Mean (SD) (missing n = 57) | 15.6 (9.9) | 15.8 (10.2) | 14.27 (7.7) | 0.341 |
Time to first cigarette in the morning (missing n = 14) | ||||
≤5 min | 84 (19.9%) | 71 (20.3%) | 12 (17.4%) | 0.352 |
6–30 min | 173 (40.9%) | 148 (42.3%) | 24 (34.8%) | |
31–60 min | 71 (16.8%) | 57 (16.3%) | 12 (17.4%) | |
Over 1 h | 95 (22.5%) | 74 (21.1%) | 21 (30.4%) | |
Heaviness of Smoking Index (missing n = 74) | ||||
Low | 112 (30.9%) | 88 (29%) | 23 (39.7%) | 0.216 |
Medium | 220 (60.6%) | 187 (61.7%) | 32(55.2%) | |
High | 31 (8.5%) | 28 (9.2%) | 3 (5.2%) | |
Number of cigarettes/day during COVID-19 restrictions Mean (SD) (missing n = 8) | 18 (12.1) | 18.48 (12.4) | 15.44 (10) | 0.095 |
Change in smoking behaviour during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 8) | ||||
Smoke more | 190 (44.3%) | 165 (46.5%) | 25 (35.7%) | <0.001 |
No change | 148 (34.5%) | 135 (38%) | 10 (14.3%) | |
Smoke less | 91 (21.2%) | 55 (15.5%) | 35 (50%) | |
Motivation to quit prior to COVID-19 restrictions * Mean (SD) (missing n = 3) | 5.59 (2.9) | 5.27 (2.8) | 7.16 (2.7) | <0.001 |
Self-efficacy to quit prior to COVID-19 restrictions * Mean (SD) (missing n = 5) | 4.7 (2.9) | 4.5 (2.86) | 5.78 (3) | 0.001 |
Change in motivation to quit during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 4) | ||||
Increased considerably | 86 (19.9%) | 54 (15%) | 31 (44.3%) | <0.001 |
Increased slightly | 108 (24.9%) | 87(24.1%) | 20 (28.6%) | |
No change | 179 (41.3%) | 169 (46.8%) | 10 (14.3%) | |
Decreased considerably | 43 (9.9%) | 36 (10%) | 7 (10%) | |
Decreased slightly | 17 (3.9%) | 15 (4.2%) | 2 (2.9%) | |
Change in self-efficacy to quit during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 5) | ||||
Increased considerably | 43 (10%) | 25 (6.9%) | 18 (25.7%) | <0.001 |
Increased slightly | 84 (19.4%) | 62 (17.2%) | 21 (30%) | |
No change | 225 (52.1%) | 208 (57.6%) | 17 (24.3%) | |
Decreased considerably | 51 (11.8%) | 43 (11.9%) | 8 (11.4%) | |
Decreased slightly | 29 (6.7%) | 23 (6.4%) | 6 (8.6%) | |
Changes in frequency of urges to smoke during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 6) | ||||
Increased considerably | 128 (29.7%) | 106 (29.4%) | 22 (31.4%) | 0.009 |
Increased slightly | 108 (25.1%) | 97 (26.9%) | 11 (15.7%) | |
No change | 128 (29.7%) | 111 (30.7%) | 17 (24.3%) | |
Decreased considerably | 50 (11.6%) | 36 (10%) | 14 (20%) | |
Decreased slightly | 17 (3.9%) | 11 (3%) | 6 (8.6%) | |
Changes in strength of urges to smoke during COVID-19 restrictions (missing n = 5) | ||||
Increased considerably | 110 (25.5%) | 90 (24.9%) | 20 (28.6%) | <0.001 |
Increased slightly | 120 (27.8%) | 108 (29.8%) | 12 (17.1%) | |
No change | 152 (35.2%) | 133 (36.7%) | 19 (27.1%) | |
Decreased considerably | 36 (8.3%) | 23 (6.4%) | 13 (18.6%) | |
Decreased slightly | 14 (3.2%) | 8 (2.2%) | 6 (8.6%) |
Variable | Quit during COVID-19 Restrictions n (%) | Crude | Adjusted * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
Education level | |||||
12 years or less | 26 (7.5%) | Ref ^ | Ref | ||
Bachelor’s degree or higher | 20 (15.2%) | 2.19 (1.1, 4.0) | 0.013 | 1.97 (1.0, 3.8) | 0.048 |
Another smoker living at home | |||||
Yes | 13 (6%) | Ref | Ref | ||
No | 33 (12.7%) | 2.28 (1.1, 4.4) | 0.016 | 2.18 (1.0, 4.4) | 0.032 |
Underlying chronic illness | |||||
No | 29 (7.8%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 17 (15.5%) | 2.15 (1.1, 4.0) | 0.019 | 2.32 (1.1, 4.6) | 0.017 |
Perception of smokers’ risk for severe Sars-CoV-2 infection | |||||
Same or lower risk | 4 (3.9%) | Ref | Ref | ||
Higher risk | 42 (11.1%) | 3.1 (1.0. 8.8) | 0.035 | 2.78 (0.9, 8.0) | 0.06 |
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Bar-Zeev, Y.; Shauly, M.; Lee, H.; Neumark, Y. Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041931
Bar-Zeev Y, Shauly M, Lee H, Neumark Y. Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041931
Chicago/Turabian StyleBar-Zeev, Yael, Michal Shauly, Hannah Lee, and Yehuda Neumark. 2021. "Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041931
APA StyleBar-Zeev, Y., Shauly, M., Lee, H., & Neumark, Y. (2021). Changes in Smoking Behaviour and Home-Smoking Rules during the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Israel. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1931. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041931