Study on the Associations of Individual and Work-Related Factors with Low Back Pain among Manufacturing Workers Based on Logistic Regression and Structural Equation Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. The Questionnaire
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Descriptive Statistics and Logistic Regression Analysis
2.4.2. Structural Equation Model
3. Results
3.1. The Demographic Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Logistic Regression Model
3.3. Structural Equation Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | Number of LBP Cases (%) | Χ2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender a | Male | 297/748 (39.7) | 43.785 | <0.001 *** |
Female | 75/375 (20.0) | |||
Age (years old) a | ≤20 | 15/93 (16.1) | 30.900 | <0.001 *** |
21–30 | 244/747 (32.7) | |||
31–40 | 88/245 (35.9) | |||
≥41 | 44/79 (55.7) | |||
Tenure (years) a | 1–5 | 112/610 (18.4) | 171.980 | <0.001 *** |
6–10 | 196/349 (56.2) | |||
11–15 | 29/57 (50.9) | |||
≥16 | 37/57 (64.9) | |||
Job types a | Electronic assembler | 114/700 (16.3) | 241.698 | <0.001 *** |
Vehicle assembler | 73/147 (49.7) | |||
Riveter and welder | 207/326 (63.5) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) a | <18.5 | 31/121 (25.6) | 14.034 | 0.003 ** |
18.5–23.9 | 206/656 (31.4) | |||
24–27.9 | 104/285 (36.5) | |||
≥28 | 45/95 (47.4) | |||
Education a | Junior middle school or below | 36/147 (24.5) | 44.802 | <0.001 *** |
Senior high school | 161/588 (27.4) | |||
Junior college | 148/308 (48.1) | |||
Bachelor degree or above | 26/73 (35.6) | |||
Monthly income (RMB) a | ≤2000 | 4/12 (33.3) | 50.648 | <0.001 *** |
2001–4000 | 172/672 (25.6) | |||
4001–5000 | 124/254 (48.8) | |||
≥5001 | 57/134 (42.5) | |||
Exercise a | Never | 153/379 (40.4) | 13.668 | 0.008 ** |
1–3 times/quarter | 49/158 (31.0) | |||
2–3 times/month | 64/216 (29.6) | |||
1–2 times/week | 67/242 (27.7) | |||
More than 3 times/week | 35/108 (32.4) | |||
Smoking a | Yes | 243/820 (29.6) | 19.161 | <0.001 *** |
No | 148/345 (42.9) | |||
Drinking a | Yes | 306/940 (49.6) | 2.141 | 0.143 |
No | 83/220 (48.5) |
Variables | Categories | B | S.E. | Wald | p Value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Job tenure | 1–5 years | 10.576 | 0.014 * | |||
6–10 years | 0.611 | 0.251 | 5.943 | 0.015 * | 1.842 (1.127–3.010) | |
11–15 years | 0.691 | 0.437 | 2.500 | 0.114 | 1.995 (0.848–4.696) | |
≥16 years | 1.225 | 0.463 | 7.001 | 0.008 ** | 3.404 (1.374–8.434) | |
Postural load | ||||||
Bending your trunk sideways frequently (>4 times/min) | never | 8.346 | 0.080 | |||
seldom | −0.165 | 0.263 | 0.396 | 0.529 | 0.848 (0.507–1.418) | |
sometimes | −0.260 | 0.309 | 0.709 | 0.400 | 0.771 (0.421–1.413) | |
often | 0.965 | 0.430 | 5.040 | 0.025 * | 2.625 (1.130–6.098) | |
always | −0.210 | 0.530 | 0.156 | 0.693 | 0.811 (0.287–2.292) | |
Bending your trunk frequently (>4 times/min) | never | 14.291 | 0.006 ** | |||
seldom | 0.995 | 0.326 | 9.299 | 0.002 ** | 2.705 (1.427–5.127) | |
sometimes | 0.127 | 0.448 | 0.081 | 0.777 | 1.135 (0.472–2.730) | |
often | 0.931 | 0.542 | 2.951 | 0.086 | 2.537 (0.877–7.338) | |
always | 0.729 | 0.939 | 0.602 | 0.438 | 2.072 (0.329–13.051) | |
Keeping your trunk in a bent posture for long periods (>1 min) | never | 14.693 | 0.005 ** | |||
seldom | 0.096 | 0.345 | 0.077 | 0.781 | 1.101 (0.559–2.166) | |
sometimes | 1.202 | 0.407 | 8.710 | 0.003 ** | 3.328 (1.498–7.395) | |
often | 0.914 | 0.538 | 2.885 | 0.089 | 2.495 (0.869–7.165) | |
always | 1.863 | 0.945 | 3.883 | 0.049 * | 6.442 (1.010–41.082) | |
Job demand | ||||||
Work fast | never | 11.371 | 0.023 * | |||
seldom | 0.776 | 0.586 | 1.755 | 0.185 | 2.173 (0.689–6.853) | |
sometimes | 0.768 | 0.589 | 1.702 | 0.192 | 2.155 (0.680–6.830) | |
often | 1.132 | 0.581 | 3.798 | 0.051 | 3.103 (0.993–9.691) | |
always | 1.560 | 0.606 | 6.633 | 0.010 ** | 4.760 (1.452–15.603) | |
Social support | ||||||
Coworkers helpful | always | 11.897 | 0.018 * | |||
never | −0.691 | 0.914 | 0.572 | 0.450 | 0.501 (0.084–3.006) | |
seldom | 0.475 | 0.359 | 1.748 | 0.186 | 1.607 (0.795–3.248) | |
sometimes | 0.634 | 0.278 | 5.192 | 0.023 * | 1.884 (1.093–3.249) | |
often | −0.205 | 0.256 | 0.645 | 0.422 | 0.814 (0.493–1.344) | |
Job control | ||||||
Develop own abilities | never | 11.548 | 0.021 * | |||
seldom | 0.273 | 0.296 | 0.851 | 0.356 | 1.314 (0.736–2.345) | |
sometimes | −0.114 | 0.312 | 0.134 | 0.714 | 0.892 (0.484–1.644) | |
often | 0.113 | 0.388 | 0.084 | 0.772 | 1.119 (0.523–2.394) | |
always | −1.247 | 0.488 | 6.522 | 0.011 * | 0.287 (0.110–0.748) | |
Vibration | never | 17.168 | 0.002 ** | |||
seldom | −0.440 | 0.310 | 2.022 | 0.155 | 0.644 (0.351–1.181) | |
sometimes | −0.045 | 0.362 | 0.015 | 0.902 | 0.956 (0.471–1.944) | |
often | 0.553 | 0.370 | 2.233 | 0.135 | 1.738 (0.842–3.589) | |
always | 1.075 | 0.375 | 8.222 | 0.004 ** | 2.930 (1.405–6.109) |
Latent Variable | Item | Item Loading | p Value | Item Reliability (SMC a) | Composite Reliability (CR b) | Convergent Validity (AVE c) | Discriminate Validity | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Postural Load | Job Demand | Social Support | Job Control | LBP | |||||||
Postural load | x1: Bending your trunk backward frequently (>4 times/min) | 0.722 | <0.001 | 0.521 | 0.904 | 0.542 | 0.736 | ||||
x2: Keeping your trunk in a backward posture for long periods (>1 min) | 0.710 | <0.001 | 0.504 | ||||||||
x3: Bending your trunk sideways frequently (>4 times/min) | 0.724 | <0.001 | 0.524 | ||||||||
x4: Keeping your trunk in a side bent posture for long periods (>1 min) | 0.755 | <0.001 | 0.570 | ||||||||
x5: Bending your trunk frequently (>4 times/min) | 0.712 | <0.001 | 0.507 | ||||||||
x6: Keeping your trunk in a bent posture for long periods (>1 min) | 0.774 | <0.001 | 0.599 | ||||||||
x7: Twisting your trunk frequently (>4 times/min) | 0.723 | <0.001 | 0.523 | ||||||||
x8: Keeping trunk in a twisted posture for long periods (>1 min) | 0.765 | <0.001 | 0.585 | ||||||||
Job demand | x9: Work fast | 0.856 | <0.001 | 0.733 | 0.873 | 0.633 | 0.147 | 0.796 | |||
x10: Work hard | 0.838 | <0.001 | 0.702 | ||||||||
x11: Conflicting demands | 0.714 | <0.001 | 0.510 | ||||||||
Social support | x12: Coworkers competent | 0.742 | <0.001 | 0.551 | 0.910 | 0.669 | −0.089 | 0.128 | 0.818 | ||
x13: Coworkers interested in me | 0.853 | <0.001 | 0.728 | ||||||||
x14: Friendly coworkers | 0.867 | <0.001 | 0.752 | ||||||||
x15: Coworkers helpful | 0.855 | <0.001 | 0.731 | ||||||||
Job control | x16: Plenty of decision freedom | 0.773 | <0.001 | 0.598 | 0.889 | 0.616 | 0.004 | 0.139 | 0.296 | 0.785 | |
x17: A lot of say | 0.819 | <0.001 | 0.671 | ||||||||
x18: Develop own abilities | 0.792 | <0.001 | 0.627 | ||||||||
x19: Allows own decisions | 0.773 | <0.001 | 0.598 | ||||||||
LBP | y1: pain duration | 0.818 | <0.001 | 0.669 | 0.925 | 0.756 | 0.487 | 0.171 | −0.061 | −0.131 | 0.869 |
y2: pain frequency | 0.885 | <0.001 | 0.783 | ||||||||
y3: pain intensity | 0.994 | <0.001 | 0.988 |
Factors | Postural Load | LBP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | Direct | Indirect | Total | |
Tenure | — | — | — | 0.126 ** | — | 0.126 ** |
Job types | 0.348 *** | — | 0.348 *** | 0.148 ** | 0.081 *** | 0.299 *** |
Vibration | 0.372 *** | — | 0.372 *** | 0.176 *** | 0.087 *** | 0.262 *** |
Postural load | — | — | — | 0.233 *** | — | 0.233 ** |
Job demand | 0.159 *** | — | 0.159 *** | 0.160 *** | 0.037 ** | 0.197 *** |
Social support | −0.114 ** | — | −0.114 ** | −0.016 | −0.027 ** | −0.043 |
Job control | — | — | — | −0.149 *** | — | −0.149 ** |
Index | Criterion | Research Model |
---|---|---|
χ2/df | χ2/df < 3 | 2.955 |
CFI | >0.9 | 0.944 |
TLI | >0.9 | 0.937 |
RMSEA | <0.08 | 0.048 |
SRMR | <0.08 | 0.075 |
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Dong, Y.; Jin, X.; Wang, J.; Maimaiti, N.; He, L.; Wang, F.; Jin, X.; Wang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Forsman, M.; et al. Study on the Associations of Individual and Work-Related Factors with Low Back Pain among Manufacturing Workers Based on Logistic Regression and Structural Equation Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041525
Dong Y, Jin X, Wang J, Maimaiti N, He L, Wang F, Jin X, Wang S, Zhang Z, Forsman M, et al. Study on the Associations of Individual and Work-Related Factors with Low Back Pain among Manufacturing Workers Based on Logistic Regression and Structural Equation Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(4):1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041525
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Yidan, Xu Jin, Jingjing Wang, Nazhakaiti Maimaiti, Lihua He, Fujiang Wang, Xianning Jin, Shijuan Wang, Zhongbin Zhang, Mikael Forsman, and et al. 2021. "Study on the Associations of Individual and Work-Related Factors with Low Back Pain among Manufacturing Workers Based on Logistic Regression and Structural Equation Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4: 1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041525