Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Clinical Examination and Investigations
2.2. Assessment of Crown Parameters
2.3. Measurement of VSCs
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- Presence of fixed dental crowns with defects significantly contributes to the oral halitosis.
- Improperly constructed crowns with defects significantly impair the hygienic conditions and microflora in oral cavity, resulting in the high prevalence of halitosis.
- The percentage of halitosis was higher among the male Saudi participants than females.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Wu, J.; Cannon, R.D.; Ji, P.; Farella, M.; Mei, L. Halitosis: Prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment–a review of the literature. Aust. Dent. J. 2020, 65, 4–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aydin, M.; Harvey-Woodworth, C.N. Halitosis: A new definition and classification. Br. Dent. J. 2014, 217, E1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Silva, M.F.; Leite, F.R.; Ferreira, L.B.; Pola, N.M.; Scannapieco, F.A.; Demarco, F.F.; Nascimento, G.G. Estimated prevalence of halitosis: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Clin. Oral. Investig. 2018, 22, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, X.N.; Shinada, K.; Chen, X.C.; Zhang, B.X.; Yaegaki, K.; Kawaguchi, Y. Oral malodor-related parameters in the Chinese general population. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2006, 33, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Renvert, S.; Noack, M.J.; Lequart, C.; Roldán, S.; Laine, M.L. The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dent. 2020, 12, 251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villa, A.; Zollanvari, A.; Alterovitz, G.; Cagetti, M.G.; Strohmenger, L.; Abati, S. Prevalence of halitosis in children considering oral hygiene, gender and age. Int. J. Dent. Hyg. 2014, 12, 208–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yaegaki, K.; Coil, J.M. Examination, classification, and treatment of halitosis; clinical perspectives. J. Can. Dent. Assoc. 2000, 66, 257–261. [Google Scholar]
- Kapoor, U.; Sharma, G.; Juneja, M.; Nagpal, A. Halitosis: Current concepts on etiology, diagnosis and management. Eur. J. Dent. 2016, 10, 292–300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rösing, C.K.; Loesche, W. Halitosis: An overview of epidemiology, etiology and clinical management. Braz. Oral Res. 2011, 25, 466–471. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lauritano, D.; Boccalari, E.; Di Stasio, D.; Della Vella, F.; Carinci, F.; Lucchese, A.; Petruzzi, M. Prevalence of oral lesions and correlation with intestinal symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review. Diagnostics 2019, 9, 77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guedes, C.C.; Bussadori, S.K.; Weber, R.; Motta, L.J.; da Mota, A.C.C.; Amancio, O.M.S. Halitosis: Prevalence and association with oral etiological factors in children and adolescents. J. Breath Res. 2019, 13, 026002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alzoman, H. Periodontal disease and halitosis. Saudi Dent. J. 2008, 20, 3–9. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, W.; Zhang, Y.; He, M.; Zhu, C.; Feng, X.-P. Relationship of tongue coating microbiome on volatile sulfur compounds in healthy and halitosis adults. J. Breath Res. 2019, 14, 016005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alzoman, H. The association between periodontal diseases and halitosis among Saudi patients. Saudi Dent. J. 2021, 33, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tangerman, A. Halitosis in medicine: A review. Int. Dent. J. 2002, 52, 201–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hampelska, K.; Jaworska, M.M.; Babalska, Z.Ł.; Karpiński, T.M. The role of oral microbiota in intra-oral halitosis. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9, 2484. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scully, C.; El-Maaytah, M.; Porter, S.R.; Greenman, J. Breath odor: Etiopathogenesis, assessment and management. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 1997, 105, 287–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tangerman, A.; Winkel, E.G. Volatile Sulfur Compounds as The Cause of Bad Breath: A Review. Phosphorus. Sulfur. Silicon. Relat. Elem. 2013, 188, 396–402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zigurs, G.; Vidzis, A.; Brinkmane, A. Halitosis manifestation and prevention means for patients with fixed teeth dentures. Stomatologija 2005, 7, 3–6. [Google Scholar]
- Costacurta, M.; Petrini, M.; Biferi, V.; Arcuri, C.; Spoto, G.; Brescia, A.; Docimo, R. Dental prosthesis and halitosis: Evaluation of oral malodor in patients with and without a dental prosthesis. J. Osseointegration 2020, 12, 730–735. [Google Scholar]
- Sinjari, B.; Murmura, G.; Caputi, S.; Ricci, L.; Varvara, G.; Scarano, A. Use of Oral Chroma in the assessment of volatile sulfur compounds in patients with fixed protheses. Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol. 2013, 26, 691–697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mbodj, E.; Faye, B.; Faye, D.; Seck, M.; Sarr, M.; Ndiaye, C.; Dabo, P.; Diallo, P. Prevalence of halitosis in patients with dental prostheses in Senegal. Med. Tropic. Rev. Corps Sante Colon. 2011, 71, 272. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Li, C.-Y.; Jiang, J.-H. Effects of fixed orthodontic brackets on oral malodor: A systematic review and meta-analysis according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018, 97, e0233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaygisiz, E.; Uzuner, F.D.; Yuksel, S.; Taner, L.; Çulhaoğlu, R.; Sezgin, Y.; Ateş, C. Effects of self-ligating and conventional brackets on halitosis and periodontal conditions. Angle Orthod. 2015, 85, 468–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Swelem, A.A.; Gurevich, K.G.; Fabrikant, E.G.; Hassan, M.H.; Aqou, S. Oral Health–Related Quality of Life in Partially Edentulous Patients Treated with Removable, Fixed, Fixed-Removable, and Implant-Supported Prostheses. Int. J. Prosthodont. 2014, 27, 338–347. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ali, Z.; Baker, S.R.; Shahrbaf, S.; Martin, N.; Vettore, M.V. Oral health-related quality of life after prosthodontic treatment for patients with partial edentulism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Prosthet. Dent. 2019, 121, 59–68.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tan, K.; Pjetursson, B.E.; Lang, N.P.; Chan, E.S. A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of fixed partial dentures (FPDs) after an observation period of at least 5 years: III. Conventional FPDs. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 2004, 15, 654–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alnazzawi, A. Effect of fixed metallic oral appliances on oral health. J. Int. Soc. Prev. Commun. Dent. 2018, 8, 93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van den Velde, S.; van Steenberghe, D.; Van hee, P.; Quirynen, M. Detection of Odorous Compounds in Breath. J. Dent. Res. 2009, 88, 285–289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tangerman, A.; Winkel, E.G. The portable gas chromatograph OralChroma™: A method of choice to detect oral and extra-oral halitosis. J. Breath Res. 2008, 2, 017010. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Almas, K.; Al-Hawish, A.; Al-Khamis, W. Oral Hygiene Practices, Smoking Habits, and Self-Perceived Oral Malodor Among Dental Students. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2003, 4, 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eid, H. Effects of different fixed partial dentures and different margin positions on the halitosis level. Alazhar. Dent. J. 2012, 15, 43–50. [Google Scholar]
- Yitzhaki, S.; Reshef, L.; Gophna, U.; Rosenberg, M.; Sterer, N. Microbiome associated with denture malodour. J. Breath Res. 2018, 12, 027103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Morita, M.; Wang, H.-L. Association between oral malodor and adult periodontitis: A review. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2001, 28, 813–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, M.F.; Cademartori, M.G.; Leite, F.R.; Lopez, R.; Demarco, F.F.; Nascimento, G.G. Is periodontitis associated with halitosis? A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J. Clin. Periodontol. 2017, 44, 1003–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Geest, S.; Laleman, I.; Teughels, W.; Dekeyser, C.; Quirynen, M. Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: A review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists. Periodontology 2000 2016, 71, 213–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Demographic Variables | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 46 | 47.9 | 47.9 | 47.9 |
Female | 50 | 52.1 | 52.1 | 100 | |
Married | Yes | 58 | 60.4 | 60.4 | 60.4 |
No | 38 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 100 | |
Smoking | Never | 60 | 62.5 | 62.5 | 62.5 |
Former smoker | 6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 68.8 | |
Current | 30 | 31.2 | 31.2 | 100 | |
Dental visit | Every 6 months | 22 | 22.9 | 22.9 | 22.9 |
Every 12 months | 24 | 25 | 25 | 47.9 | |
On pain | 48 | 50 | 50 | 97.9 | |
Rarely | 2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 100 | |
Brushing | Twice a week | 16 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 16.7 |
Once per day | 23 | 24 | 24 | 40.6 | |
Twice or more per day | 45 | 46.9 | 46.9 | 87.5 | |
Rarely | 12 | 12.5 | 12.5 | 100 | |
Education | Less than high school | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High school | 18 | 18.8 | 18.8 | 19.8 | |
College | 71 | 74 | 74 | 93.8 | |
High degree | 6 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 100 | |
Fixed restorations | Yes | 52 | 54.2 | 54.2 | 54.2 |
No | 44 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 100 | |
Total | 96 | 100 | 100 |
Variables | Range | Frequency | Percent | Valid Percent | Cumulative Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of carious teeth | 0 | 25 | 26.0 | 26.0 | 26.0 |
1–5 | 49 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 63.3 | |
6–10 | 20 | 20.8 | 20.8 | 91.1 | |
11–13 | 2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 100 | |
Number of crowns | 1 | 13 | 13.5 | 29.5 | 29.5 |
2 | 17 | 17.7 | 38.6 | 68.2 | |
3 | 5 | 5.2 | 11.4 | 79.5 | |
4 | 9 | 9.4 | 20.5 | 100.0 | |
H2S | <112 | 52 | 54.2 | 54.2 | 54.2 |
≥112 | 44 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 100.0 | |
CH3SH | <26 | 57 | 59.4 | 59.4 | 59.4 |
≥26 | 39 | 40.6 | 40.6 | 100.0 | |
CH3SCH3 | ≤8 | 60 | 62.5 | 62.5 | 62.5 |
>8 | 36 | 37.5 | 37.5 | 100.0 | |
Halitosis | No | 50 | 52.1 | 52.1 | 52.1 |
Yes | 46 | 47.9 | 47.9 | 100.0 | |
Total | 96 | 100 | 100 |
Gases | Fixed Crowns | n | Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | Minimum | Maximum | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||||||
H2S | No | 52 | 87.00 | 83.18 | 63.84 | 110.16 | 10 | 382 | 0.000 |
Yes | 44 | 401.48 | 557.12 | 232.10 | 570.86 | 14 | 2263 | ||
Total | 96 | 231.14 | 411.11 | 147.84 | 314.44 | 10 | 2263 | ||
CH3SH | No | 52 | 18.96 | 17.34 | 14.13 | 23.79 | 0 | 90 | 0.000 |
Yes | 44 | 72.61 | 89.68 | 45.35 | 99.88 | 0 | 334 | ||
Total | 96 | 43.55 | 67.26 | 29.92 | 57.18 | 0 | 334 | ||
CH3SCH3 | No | 52 | 6.85 | 9.64 | 4.16 | 9.53 | 0 | 66 | 0.075 |
Yes | 44 | 10.20 | 8.40 | 7.65 | 12.76 | 0 | 33 | ||
Total | 96 | 8.39 | 9.20 | 6.52 | 10.25 | 0 | 66 |
Variables | Halitosis | Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval | Minimum | Maximum | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
Supragingival Margin | No | 65.27 | 25.08 | 51.38 | 79.16 | 25 | 100 | 0.000 |
Yes | 9.69 | 17.68 | 2.97 | 16.42 | 0.00 | 75 | ||
Equigingival Margin | No | 32.63 | 22.68 | 20.07 | 45.19 | 0.00 | 75 | 0.209 |
Yes | 25.21 | 15.62 | 19.27 | 31.15 | 0.00 | 50 | ||
* Subgingival Margin | No | 2.08 | 6.54 | −1.53 | 5.70 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.000 |
Yes | 65.08 | 19.18 | 57.78 | 72.38 | 16.67 | 100 | ||
* Over-Contoured Margin | No | 2.91 | 7.03 | −0.97 | 6.81 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.000 |
Yes | 59.62 | 19.67 | 52.14 | 67.10 | 25 | 93.75 | ||
* Open-Crown Margin | No | 4.30 | 8.46 | −0.38 | 8.99 | 0.00 | 31.25 | 0.020 |
Yes | 13.43 | 13.28 | 8.37 | 18.48 | 0.00 | 50 | ||
Optimal-Crown Margin | No | 89.16 | 11.19 | 82.96 | 95.36 | 68.75 | 100 | 0.000 |
Yes | 26.07 | 20.89 | 18.12 | 34.02 | 0.00 | 62 | ||
Ledge-Crown Margin | No | 3.61 | 6.27 | 0.13 | 7.08 | 0.00 | 16.67 | 0.060 |
Yes | 0.86 | 3.22 | −0.36 | 2.08 | 0.00 | 12.50 | ||
* Over-Contoured Crown | No | 5.00 | 19.36 | −5.72 | 15.72 | 0.00 | 75 | 0.000 |
Yes | 48.13 | 30.85 | 36.39 | 59.86 | 0.00 | 100 | ||
Normal-Contoured Crown | No | 93.33 | 19.97 | 82.27 | 104.39 | 25 | 100 | 0.000 |
Yes | 47.27 | 28.22 | 36.53 | 58.00 | 0.00 | 100 | ||
* Under-Contoured Crown | No | 1.66 | 6.45 | −1.90 | 5.24 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.395 |
Yes | 4.59 | 12.31 | −0.08 | 9.28 | 0.00 | 50 |
Variables | Halitosis | Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval | Minimum | Maximum | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | |||||||
PI | No | 14.98 | 9.82 | 12.18 | 17.77 | 3.00 | 67.00 | 0.000 |
Yes | 69.32 | 19.42 | 63.55 | 75.09 | 10.00 | 98.00 | ||
Bleeding index | No | 11.55 | 6.45 | 9.72 | 13.38 | 1.10 | 36.00 | 0.000 |
Yes | 48.25 | 19.10 | 42.57 | 53.92 | 8.00 | 83.00 | ||
PD | No | 1.90 | 0.53 | 1.75 | 2.06 | 1.00 | 2.80 | 0.000 |
Yes | 4.31 | 1.33 | 3.91 | 4.70 | 1.80 | 7.10 | ||
CAL | No | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.11 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 1.10 | 0.000 |
Yes | 3.10 | 1.36 | 2.69 | 3.50 | 0.00 | 6.28 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alzoman, H.; Rashid Habib, S.; Alghamdi, S.; Al-Juhani, H.; Daabash, R.; Al-Khalid, W.; Al-Askar, M.; Al-Johany, S. Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031283
Alzoman H, Rashid Habib S, Alghamdi S, Al-Juhani H, Daabash R, Al-Khalid W, Al-Askar M, Al-Johany S. Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031283
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlzoman, Hamad, Syed Rashid Habib, Sultan Alghamdi, Hebah Al-Juhani, Rawan Daabash, Wijdan Al-Khalid, Mansour Al-Askar, and Sulieman Al-Johany. 2021. "Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031283
APA StyleAlzoman, H., Rashid Habib, S., Alghamdi, S., Al-Juhani, H., Daabash, R., Al-Khalid, W., Al-Askar, M., & Al-Johany, S. (2021). Relationship between Fixed Dental Crowns and Volatile Sulphur Compounds. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1283. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031283