Spatial Variation of Survival for Colorectal Cancer in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Statistical Modeling
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Covariates | n | Peninsular Malaysia Median HR (95% CRI) ** | East Malaysia Median HR (95% CRI) ** |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 4412 | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) * | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) * |
Sex | |||
Female | 1894 | Reference | |
Male | 2470 | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 0.96 (0.76, 1.24) |
Missing | 48 | 0.81 (0.40, 1.42) | 0.60 (0.02, 5.29) |
Ethnicity | |||
Non Malay | 2489 | Reference | |
Malay | 1901 | 1.26 (1.13, 1.43) * | 1.47 (1.05, 2.01) * |
Missing | 22 | 1.24 (0.20, 4.58) | 1.53 (0.27, 5.87) |
Education | |||
Nil | 399 | Reference | |
Primary | 553 | 0.92 (0.72, 1.17) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.46) |
Secondary | 651 | 1.00 (0.78, 1.27) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.47) |
Tertiary | 195 | 0.63 (0.43, 0.88) * | 0.60 (0.32, 1.10) |
Missing | 2614 | 1.03 (0.85, 1.28) | 0.82 (0.61, 1.18) |
Smoking | |||
Non Smoker | 1543 | Reference | |
Former Smoker | 528 | 1.17 ( 0.97, 1.40) | 1.45 (0.99, 2.00) |
Active smoker | 423 | 1.13 ( 0.93, 1.37) | 1.12 (0.76, 1.63) |
Missing | 1918 | 1.03 (0.90, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.80, 1.50) |
Staging | |||
Stage I | 215 | Reference | |
Stage II | 600 | 1.65 (1.09, 2.57) * | 2.04 (0.81, 6.85) |
Stage II | 802 | 3.17 (2.13, 4.83) * | 3.63 (1.43, 10.90) * |
Stage IV | 647 | 6.37 (4.00, 9.75) * | 7.33 (2.99, 24.00) * |
Not staged | 620 | 2.79 (1.88, 4.46) * | 5.06 (2.03, 16.00) * |
Missing | 1528 | 4.14 (2.82, 6.45) * | 3.91 (1.56, 12.70) * |
ICDSite | |||
Colon | 2394 | Reference | |
Rectum | 631 | 1.05 (0.90, 1.23) | 1.32 (0.95, 1.84) |
Rectosigmoid | 1379 | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.49) |
Missing | 8 | 0.29 (0.01, 1.52) | |
TumourDiff | |||
Well | 358 | Reference | |
Moderate | 2497 | 1.17 ( 0.94, 1.46) | 1.77 (1.08, 3.01) * |
Poor | 161 | 2.45 (1.81, 3.40) * | 2.99 (1.46, 5.88) * |
Missing | 1396 | 1.59 (1.28, 1.99) * | 2.84 (1.73, 4.97) * |
Metastasis | |||
No | 1922 | Reference | |
Yes | 1521 | 1.40 (1.21, 1.62) | 1.59 (1.19, 2.13) |
Missing | 969 | 1.47 (1.21, 1.77) | 1.39 (0.93, 2.11) |
Treatment | |||
Surgery Alone | 1658 | Reference | |
Surg, Chemo, radio | 1454 | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 0.98 (0.75, 1.27) |
Radio, Chemo | 437 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.81) |
Other | 140 | 1.84 (1.41, 2.38) | 2.36 (0.99, 4.96) |
Unknown | 723 | 1.13 (0.95, 1.33) | 1.56 (0.99, 2.35) |
Diabetes | |||
No | 3021 | Reference | |
Yes | 982 | 1.12 (0.99, 1.28) | 1.08 (0.77, 1.43) |
Missing | 409 | 0.88 (0.72, 1.06) | 0.73 (0.28, 1.56) |
Hosp. density | 0.97 (0.81, 1.143) | 0.69 (0.03, 13.70) | |
SE Index | 0.85 (0.53, 1.39) | ||
Ø | 16384 (5828, 44570) | 44602 (24370, 78650) |
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Ghazali, A.K.; Keegan, T.; Taylor, B.M. Spatial Variation of Survival for Colorectal Cancer in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031052
Ghazali AK, Keegan T, Taylor BM. Spatial Variation of Survival for Colorectal Cancer in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(3):1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031052
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhazali, Anis Kausar, Thomas Keegan, and Benjamin M. Taylor. 2021. "Spatial Variation of Survival for Colorectal Cancer in Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3: 1052. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031052