Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria—A Randomized Online Experiment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting and Context
2.2. Study Design and Procedure
2.3. Questionnaire
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. The Effects of the Three Nudges
3.3. The Mediator Effect of Nudge Awareness
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Ich kann Versuchungen gut widerstehen.
- Schlechte Angewohnheiten kann ich mir nur schwer abgewöhnen.
- Ich bin fleißig.
- Ich sage Dinge, die unangebracht sind.
- Ich tue Dinge, die Spaß machen, auch wenn sie schlecht für mich sind.
- Ich lehne Dinge ab, die schlecht für mich sind.
- Ich wünschte, ich hätte mehr Selbstdisziplin.
- Andere würden sagen, dass ich eine eiserne Disziplin habe.
- Vergnügen und Spaß halten mich nicht davon ab, meine Arbeit zu erledigen.
- Es fällt mir schwer, mich zu konzentrieren.
- Ich kann erfolgreich auf langfristige Ziele hinarbeiten.
- Bestimmte Dinge kann ich nicht sein lassen, obwohl ich weiß, dass sie falsch sind.
- Manchmal handle ich, ohne alle Alternativen abzuwägen.
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Students (n = 686) | ||||
Thin Body Shape Nudge (n = 167) | Thick Body Shape Nudge (n = 170) | Giacometti Nudge (n = 176) | No Nudge (n = 173) | |
BMI | 22.97 (3.87) | 22.83 (4.48) | 22.67 (3.73) | 22.62 (3.12) |
Hunger 1 | 2.92 (1.19) | 2.87 (1.24) | 2.83 (1.30) | 2.81 (1.28) |
Satisfaction with weight 1 | 3.48 (1.25) | 3.51 (1.15) | 3.54 (1.15) | 3.61 (1.01) |
Importance of healthy eating 1 | 3.94 (0.91) | 3.89 (0.83) | 4.05 (0.82) | 4.01 (0.78) |
Self-control 1 | 3.28 (0.58) | 3.26 (0.49) | 3.27 (0.54) | 3.28 (0.52) |
Elicited reactance 2 | 2.15 (2.10) | 2.00 (0.90) | 2.08 (0.94) | - |
Nudge awareness 1 | 3.36 (1.57) | 3.65 (1.60) | 3.77 (1.43) | - |
Employees (n = 218) | ||||
Thin Body Shape Nudge (n = 57) | Thick Body Shape Nudge (n = 50) | Giacometti Nudge (n = 64) | No Nudge (n = 47) | |
BMI | 23.53 (3.19) | 23.90 (3.40) | 24.33 (3.57) | 23.57 (4.20) |
Hunger 1 | 2.74 (1.34) | 2.76 (1.14) | 2.81 (1.37) | 3.06 (1.34) |
Satisfaction with weight 1 | 3.42 (1.28) | 3.40 (1.20) | 3.32 (3.23) | 3.57 (1.30) |
Importance of healthy eating 1 | 4.23 (0.69) | 4.14 (0.86) | 4.17 (0.73) | 4.09 (0.69) |
Self-control 1 | 3.51 (0.57) | 3.57 (0.42) | 3.49 (0.55) | 3.49 (0.39) |
Elicited reactance 2 | 2.20 (1.12) | 2.13 (0.84) | 2.20 (0.99) | - |
Nudge awareness 1 | 3.03 (1.49) | 3.04 (1.67) | 3.88 (1.23) | - |
Students (n = 686) | |||||
Thin Body Shape Nudge (n = 167) | Thick Body Shape Nudge (n = 170) | Giacometti Nudge (n = 176) | No Nudge (n = 173) | Chi-Squared Tests | |
Salad | 71 a (42.5%) | 85 a (50.0%) | 83 a (47.2%) | 68 a (39.3%) | χ2 (3) = 4.719; p = 0.194 |
Fruit salad | 46 a (27.5%) | 38 a (22.4%) | 57 a (32.4%) | 54 a (31.2%) | χ2 (3) = 5.163; p = 0.160 |
Pudding | 45 a (26.9%) | 50 a (29.4%) | 49 a (27.8%) | 44 a (25.4%) | χ2 (3) = 0.717; p = 0.869 |
Employees (n = 218) | |||||
Thin Body Shape Nudge (n = 57) | Thick Body Shape Nudge (n = 50) | Giacometti Nudge (n = 64) | No Nudge (n = 47) | Chi-Squared Tests | |
Salad | 22 (38.6%) | 15 (30.0%) | 35 (54.7%) | 24 (51.1%) | χ2 (3) = 8.570; p = 0.036 |
Fruit salad | 22 a (38.6%) | 11 a (22.0%) | 28 a (43.8%) | 15 a (31.9%) | χ2 (3) = 6.399; p = 0.094 |
Pudding | 9 a (15.8%) | 10 a (20.0%) | 6 a (9.4%) | 11 a (23.4%) | χ2 (3) = 4.447; p = 0.217 |
Thin Body Shape Nudge (n = 194) | Thick Body Shape Nudge (n = 188) | Giacometti Nudge (n = 209) | F | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Calories ordered | 862.56 (366.47) | 873.31 (403.22) | 869.57 (389.06) | F (2, 588) = 0.038 p = 0.962 |
Nudge awareness 1 | 3.32 (1.56) | 3.56 (1.58) | 3.87 (1.37) | F (2, 590) = 6.51 p = 0.002 |
Nudge Awareness | Number of Calories Ordered | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Direct | Indirect | Total | ||
Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | Coefficient (SE) | |
Constant | 3.866 (0.104) *** | 765.545 (48.757) *** | 869.569 (26.730) | |
X1 (Giacometti vs. thick) | −0.302 (0.151) * | 11.871 (38.796) | −8.131 (5.137) | 3.739 (38.844) |
X2 (Giacometti vs. thin) | −0.546 (0.150) *** | 7.696 (38.780) | −14.703 (6.774) | −7.008 (38.526) |
Nudge awareness 1 | 26.907 (10.568) * |
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Kawa, C.; Ianiro-Dahm, P.M.; Nijhuis, J.F.H.; Gijselaers, W.H. Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria—A Randomized Online Experiment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412924
Kawa C, Ianiro-Dahm PM, Nijhuis JFH, Gijselaers WH. Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria—A Randomized Online Experiment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(24):12924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412924
Chicago/Turabian StyleKawa, Christine, Patrizia M. Ianiro-Dahm, Jan F. H. Nijhuis, and Wim H. Gijselaers. 2021. "Cafeteria Online: Nudges for Healthier Food Choices in a University Cafeteria—A Randomized Online Experiment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24: 12924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182412924