Effects of Hearing Impairment, Quality of Life and Pain on Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Assessment
2.3. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Spearman Correlation Analysis
3.3. Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Value |
---|---|
Gender (Male/Female), n | 210/280 |
Age, years | 73.3 ± 5.6 |
Education (1: elementary school/2: junior high school/3: high school/4: junior college/technical college/5: college), n | 2/92/271/57/68 |
Education score | 3.2 ± 0.9 |
MMSE score | 27.2 ± 2.5 |
CES-D score | 10.9 ± 6.8 |
CES-D (0: <16/1: ≥16), n | 381/109 |
Left vision | 0.5 ± 0.3 |
Right vision | 0.5 ± 0.4 |
Visual impairment (+/−), n | 78/412 |
Hearing in the left ear at 4000 Hz | 40.2 ± 20.2 |
Hearing in the left ear at 1000 Hz | 26.9 ± 17.2 |
Hearing in the right ear at 4000 Hz | 38.2 ± 19.9 |
Hearing in the right ear at 1000 Hz | 27.8 ± 14.9 |
Hearing impairment (+/−), n | 168/322 |
Living alone (+/−), n | 63/427 |
Marital status (+/−), n | 113/377 |
Satisfaction with human relationships (0: dissatisfied/1: slightly dissatisfied/2: slightly satisfied/3: satisfied), n | 6/65/316/103 |
Satisfaction with human relationships score | 2.1 ± 0.6 |
Satisfaction with ADL (0: dissatisfied/1: slightly dissatisfied/2: slightly satisfied/3: satisfied), n | 14/123/274/79 |
Satisfaction with ADL score | 1.9 ± 0.7 |
Number of people (including family, relatives, and friends) met or talked to in a month | 12.5 ± 9.0 |
Pain (0: no/1: slight/2: mild/3: moderate/4: severe/5: extreme), n | 133/78/168/79/30/2 |
Cardiovascular disease (0: absent/1: present), n | 472/18 |
Cancer (0: absent/1: present), n | 459/31 |
Variable | OR * | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.027 | 0.990–1.065 | 0.153 |
Female | 1.462 | 0.941–2.271 | 0.091 |
Education score | 0.897 | 0.707–1.137 | 0.369 |
Visual impairment | 0.885 | 0.488–1.607 | 0.688 |
Hearing impairment | 1.629 | 1.053–2.519 | 0.028 |
Living alone | 1.346 | 0.737–2.458 | 0.334 |
Marital status | 0.831 | 0.508–1.360 | 0.461 |
Satisfaction with human relationships | 0.276 | 0.187–0.409 | <0.001 |
Satisfaction with ADL | 0.248 | 0.173–0.355 | <0.001 |
Number of people met or talked to in a month | 0.965 | 0.937–0.994 | 0.019 |
MMSE score | 0.987 | 0.907–1.075 | 0.767 |
Pain score | 1.564 | 1.304–1.876 | <0.001 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.691 | 0.196–2.430 | 0.564 |
Cancer | 1.732 | 0.790–3.797 | 0.171 |
Variable | OR * | 95% CI | p Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.016 | 0.967–1.068 | 0.524 |
Female | 1.591 | 0.912–2.776 | 0.102 |
Education score | 1.063 | 0.803–1.408 | 0.669 |
Visual impairment | 1.001 | 0.500–2.002 | 0.999 |
Hearing impairment | 1.754 | 1.010–3.049 | 0.046 |
Living alone | 2.388 | 0.909–6.272 | 0.077 |
Marital status | 1.644 | 0.711–3.803 | 0.245 |
Satisfaction with human relationships | 0.349 | 0.219–0.557 | <0.001 |
Satisfaction with ADL | 0.376 | 0.248–0.569 | <0.001 |
Number of people met or talked to in a month | 0.990 | 0.959–1.022 | 0.531 |
MMSE score | 0.985 | 0.890–1.090 | 0.770 |
Pain score | 1.376 | 1.106–1.713 | 0.004 |
Cardiovascular disease | 0.551 | 0.129–2.349 | 0.420 |
Cancer | 1.564 | 0.609–4.018 | 0.353 |
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Sun, W.; Matsuoka, T.; Imai, A.; Oya, N.; Narumoto, J. Effects of Hearing Impairment, Quality of Life and Pain on Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212265
Sun W, Matsuoka T, Imai A, Oya N, Narumoto J. Effects of Hearing Impairment, Quality of Life and Pain on Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212265
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Weiyi, Teruyuki Matsuoka, Ayu Imai, Nozomu Oya, and Jin Narumoto. 2021. "Effects of Hearing Impairment, Quality of Life and Pain on Depressive Symptoms in Elderly People: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12265. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212265