Age of Onset and Its Related Factors in Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use in Adults from the United States: Results from NHANES 2005–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. NHANES Data Extracted
2.2.1. Drug Use Questionnaire
2.2.2. Demographic Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence and Frequencies of Past-Month Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use
3.2. Trends in Age of Onset of Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use
3.3. Factors Associated with Age of Onset of Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use
3.3.1. Demographic and Other Drug Use Characteristics
3.3.2. Age of Onset of Cocaine Use
3.3.3. Age of Onset of Methamphetamine Use
4. Discussion
4.1. Cocaine and Methamphetamine Use Has Increased from 2005 to 2018
4.2. Factors Associated with Age of Onset of Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Year | Cocaine—n | Methamphetamine—n |
---|---|---|
2005–2006 | 2,218,308 | 1,062,015 |
2007–2008 | 2,364,077 | 765,305 |
2009–2010 | 2,620,742 | 227,261 |
2011–2012 | 2,651,675 | 830,829 |
2013–2014 | 1,653,094 | 1,033,882 |
2015–2016 | 2,513,407 | 874,046 |
2017–2018 | 3,969,027 | 1,735,796 |
Cocaine (n = 3975) | Methamphetamine (n = 1606) | |
---|---|---|
Average age—years (±SD) | 40.33 (±11.41) | 40.50 (±10.88) |
Sex—no. (%) | ||
Male | 2494 (62.7) | 1026 (63.9) |
Female | 1481 (37.3) | 580 (36.1) |
Average age of onset of use—years (±SD) | 21.62 (±5.77) | 22.25 (±6.98) |
Other drug use—no. (%) | ||
Regular tobacco use | 1871 (47.1) | 815 (50.7) |
Regular cannabis use | 1869 (47.0) | 846 (52.7) |
Lifetime heroin use | 548 (13.8) | 301 (18.7) |
Lifetime cocaine use | 3975 (100) | 1469 (91.5) |
Lifetime methamphetamine use | 1469 (37.0) | 1606 (100) |
Lifetime IV use—no. (%) | 472 (11.9) | 332 (20.7) |
B | 95% CI for B | se B | β | R2 | ΔR2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | ||||||
Block 1 | 0.094 | 0.093 ** | |||||
Constant | 16.663 | 15.013 | 18.313 | 0.841 | |||
Survey Cycle | −0.217 | −0.392 | −0.041 | 0.089 | −0.054 * | ||
Age | 0.155 | 0.132 | 0.177 | 0.011 | 0.304 ** | ||
Block 2 | 0.156 | 0.151 ** | |||||
Constant | 18.327 | 16.253 | 20.401 | 1.057 | |||
Survey Cycle | −0.119 | −0.290 | 0.052 | 0.087 | −0.030 | ||
Age | 0.159 | 0.137 | 0.181 | 0.011 | 0.312 ** | ||
Sex (ref = male) | −0.239 | −0.746 | 0.268 | 0.258 | −0.020 | ||
Education (ref = less than 9th grade) | −0.018 | −0.269 | 0.233 | 0.128 | −0.003 | ||
Income (ref = $0 to $4999) | −0.117 | −0.176 | −0.057 | 0.030 | −0.091 ** | ||
Regular Tobacco Use (ref = no regular use) | 0.889 | 0.364 | 1.415 | 0.268 | 0.076 ** | ||
Regular Cannabis Use (ref = no regular use) | −1.159 | −1.684 | −0.634 | 0.268 | −0.095 ** | ||
Lifetime Heroin Use (ref = no lifetime use) | −0.543 | −1.162 | 0.077 | 0.316 | −0.041 | ||
Lifetime Methamphetamine Use (ref = no lifetime use) | −1.540 | −2.043 | −1.038 | 0.256 | −0.134 ** | ||
Lifetime IV Use (ref = no lifetime use) | −1.386 | −2.162 | −0.610 | 0.396 | −0.086 ** |
B | 95% CI for B | se B | β | R2 | ΔR2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LL | UL | ||||||
Block 1 | 0.089 | 0.087 *** | |||||
Constant | 12.331 | 9.258 | 15.404 | 1.566 | |||
Survey Cycle Year | 0.263 | −0.062 | 0.588 | 0.165 | 0.053 | ||
Age | 0.193 | 0.150 | 0.236 | 0.022 | 0.291 *** | ||
Block 2 | 0.147 | 0.136 *** | |||||
Constant | 12.834 | 8.297 | 17.371 | 2.311 | |||
Survey Cycle | 0.341 | 0.022 | 0.659 | 0.162 | 0.068 * | ||
Age | 0.215 | 0.172 | 0.258 | 0.022 | 0.323 *** | ||
Sex (ref = male) | −0.239 | −0.746 | 0.268 | 0.258 | −0.020 | ||
Education (ref = less than 9th grade) | 0.070 | −0.418 | 0.559 | 0.249 | 0.010 | ||
Income (ref = $0 to $4999) | −0.220 | −0.333 | −0.107 | 0.058 | −0.133 *** | ||
Regular Tobacco Use (ref = no regular use) | 1.919 | 0.950 | 2.888 | 0.494 | 0.132 *** | ||
Regular Cannabis Use (ref = no regular use) | −1.311 | −2.263 | −0.360 | 0.485 | −0.090 ** | ||
Lifetime Heroin Use (ref = no lifetime use) | 1.124 | −0.126 | 2.374 | 0.637 | 0.066 | ||
Lifetime Cocaine Use (ref = no lifetime use) | 0.835 | −1.017 | 2.687 | 0.944 | 0.029 | ||
Lifetime IV Use (ref = no lifetime use) | −1.614 | −2.875 | −0.353 | 0.642 | −0.095 * |
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Guerin, A.A.; Kim, J.H. Age of Onset and Its Related Factors in Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use in Adults from the United States: Results from NHANES 2005–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212259
Guerin AA, Kim JH. Age of Onset and Its Related Factors in Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use in Adults from the United States: Results from NHANES 2005–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(22):12259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212259
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuerin, Alexandre Arthur, and Jee Hyun Kim. 2021. "Age of Onset and Its Related Factors in Cocaine or Methamphetamine Use in Adults from the United States: Results from NHANES 2005–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22: 12259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182212259